浅析死刑废除之必要

现今社会谈到死刑废除大多被嗤之以鼻,历史的进程也未因死刑制度的存在而停顿或者倒退,但是,经济的发展,科技的进步,社会层次的提升,对死刑的态度也在悄然发生着变化。替代机制的出现,追求人权的诉求,更是让死刑制度举步维艰。死刑制度随着社会的发展被推到风头浪尖,而废除死刑的呼声也随着法治社会的提出而逐渐被越来越多的人听见。     

职场性骚扰的原因分析与对策探微

职场性骚扰是具有一定危害性的社会问题,其本质是对人格尊严、人权的侵犯,它障碍了两性平等、完整享受工作待遇与发展的机会,同时也给安全与健康带来了不利影响。目前,我国反对职场性骚扰的措施还很薄弱,因此,积极探讨职场性骚扰的原因,寻找消除这一野蛮行为的对策十分必要。     

The Impact of Tax Reduction on the Chinese Urban Household's Comsupation Gap——Analysis of Consumer Behavior Based on Price Effect

By studying the elasticity of consumption demand of urban households at different income levels and the price effect of tax reduction, we can analyze the effect of tax reduction on the consumption gap of urban residents. The results show that the marginal expenditure share of all kinds of urban households' consumption does not necessarily change linearly between income levels, and there is heterogeneity between consumption behaviors at different income levels. VAT rate cut could effectively reduce the input and output unit costs and prices, contributes all categories of consumption price index to decline. Notably, such price decline is relatively remarkable in the health, social work and social security department in the service sector, which decreases the urban household's health care consumer price index and reduces the corresponding expenditure. Overall, the tax reduction can effectively close the consumption gap among urban households, but the consumption gap between the middle-income households and the low-income households still requires close attention. In view of this, the relevant policies can further alleviate the consumption gap from improving the equalization of public services, implementing the effect of tax reduction and improving the consumption tax system.     

农村亲子关系的问题及其调适——以代沟理论为视角

亲予关系联系的是年龄、心理、思想观念、行为方式、成长环境、教育背景、生活环境、生活阅历都非常不相同的两代人，它是家庭人际关系的核心内容之一。亲子关系不同于夫妻关系，其研究有独特的视角。在代沟理论下考察农村亲子关系的现状及存在的问题，寻找调适途径，以积极的交流和沟通方式以及尊重和宽容的心态改变家庭教养方式，促进亲代的继续社会化，是消除代际对立、建立和谐亲子关系的有效方法。     

实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的关键在于少数民族地区

少数民族地区全面建设小康社会的状况关系到全国全面建设小康社会的进程。目前,少数民族地区的经济发展与全国差距十分明显,除少数民族地区自力更生、奋发图强之外,国家要给于更多的政策、资金、项目的扶持。     

Is the East European “underclass” feminized?

Results of national surveys carried out in East-European countries convincingly showed that after the fall of communism the gender gap in earnings remained substantial. Following the same analytical framework here I explore a range of issues concerning the gender gap in membership in what I define as the “underclass” in 6 post-communist societies. The basic question is to determine whether or not such a gap exits. I find considerable cross-national variation in the odds of female/male membership in the underclass: women in Poland, Russia and Hungary appear to be most heavily over-represented in this category, while in Bulgaria and Slovakia, the effect of gender does not exist. In addition, the explanation for this gap cannot be found in the intergenerational transmission of poverty, in differences in marital status, and other social–demographic attributes commonly employed in quantitative studies. It is only the lower educational status of women, living in rural areas, and older age, which significantly interact with relatively higher representation of women in the underclass. After controlling for several characteristics of a person’s socio–economic position I found that in four countries, namely in Poland, Russia, Romania and Hungary, a statistically significant net effect of gender remains which provides solid evidence for the feminization of the underclass in these societies.     

我国城乡基本公共服务供给比较研究

基本公共服务作为对公民基本生存权及发展权的保证,其意义对于个人、社会来说都是不言而喻的.本文在界定城乡基本公共服务均等化基本含义的基础上,从义务教育、基本医疗及最低生活保障三个方面、八项指标对我国城乡的供给状况进行了评估比较,得出公共资源偏向城镇居民需求,城乡供给不均的结论,并从合理化视域分析了城乡基本公共服务供给不均...     

The Malthusian intermezzo: Women's wages and human capital formation between the late Middle Ages and the demographic transition of the 19th century

The paper offers a new explanation for ‘the great conundrum’, the acceleration of population growth in England in the second half of the 18th century. It is argued that it was not only population growth that was ‘different’ in England, but the stagnation of the rise of literacy and of human capital in general, seems to be an anomaly of this period. This ‘conundrum’ has been explained in the following way. It is demonstrated that in England the gender wage gap increased a lot during the early modern period, which was caused by: (a) the switch from post Black Death labour scarcity to labour surplus, which in particular harmed the economic position of women, and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, leading to the rise of large-scale, capital intensive and labour extensive farms, which had a very limited demand for female (wage) labour. This is also suggested by the fact that on the Continent (in the Netherlands) a much smaller decline of female wages occurred, because there family farms continued to be quite important. Moreover, the decline of English wages had important effects on its demographic development. It helps to explain the decline of the average age of marriage of in particular women between 1600 and 1800, and the related increase in fertility that occurred in this period — resulting in a much faster rate of population growth after 1750 than elsewhere in Western-Europe. It also helps to explain the stagnation in human capital formation that occurred during the 18th and early 19th century — again a feature peculiar for the English development in these years. The explanation of ‘the great conundrum’ is therefore intimately linked to the changing position of women on the labour market and within marriage.     

社会法的功能嬗变、代际更替和中国社会法的定位与建构

社会法的发生机理在于对市场化运动及其负面后果进行"反向运动"和矫治,其早期功能是社会保护。它是资本主义市场经济制度调整的主要内容,是现代市场经济和混合资本主义的构成性要素。社会法可分为三代,具有明显的代际更替和功能扩展、嬗变轨迹:从第一代社会法的社会保护单一功能模式,到第二代社会法的社会保护为主、社会促进为辅的主次功能模式,再到第三代社会法的社会保护与社会促进并重的功能模式。功能嬗变与代际更替的机理主要在于资本与社会的矛盾运动、公平(社会保护)与效率(社会促进)的复杂关系。中国应厘清自己的问题之"代"和制度需求,以全球正在探索的第三代社会法为参照系,定位、创新和建构中国社会法并推进社会改革。     

EXPLAINING THE GENDER GAP IN CRIME: THE ROLE OF HEART RATE

Although it is well established that males engage in more crime compared with females, little is known about what accounts for the gender gap. Few studies have been aimed at empirically examining mediators of the gender–crime relationship in a longitudinal context. In this study, we test the hypothesis that a low resting heart rate partly mediates the relationship between gender and crime. In a sample of 894 participants, the resting heart rate at 11 years of age was examined alongside self‐reported and official conviction records for overall criminal offending, violence, serious violence, and drug‐related crime at 23 years of age. A low resting heart rate partially mediated the relationship between gender and all types of adult criminal offending, including violent and nonviolent crime. The mediation effects were significant after controlling for body mass index, race, social adversity, and activity level. Resting heart rate accounted for 5.4 percent to 17.1 percent of the gender difference in crime. This study is the first to produce results documenting that lower heart rates in males partly explain their higher levels of offending. Our findings complement traditional theoretical accounts of the gender gap and have implications for the advancement of integrative criminological theory.