Third-worldism: sensibility and ideology in Uruguay – from Third Position to the thought of Carlos Real de Azúa

This article examines the trajectory of the concepts ‘Third World’ and ‘Third-worldism’ in Uruguay, and attempts to prove that, although Third-worldism developed thoroughly as sensibility, it did not have the same success as ideology. The article examines authors and intellectual groups who reflected on the Third World, and especially on ‘tercerismo’ (Third Position) – understood as a set of ideas related to Third-worldism but not part of Third-worldism as such. It next explains the importance of the thought of Carlos Real de Azúa, identified as the main ideologist of Third-worldism in Uruguay. The research shows as a result that there was great concern about the Third World, especially in the 1960s and the 1970s, expressed in articles, reports and speeches, among others. Nevertheless, a full conceptualisation was never realised, except in the contribution made by Real de Azúa. The article concludes that, paradoxically, ‘tercerismo’ blocked the development of more elaborated third-worldist thought in Uruguay.     

The challenge of the creative Third World

This article is a contribution to recent literature on the shape of the polycentric world order. It argues that the Third World remains a valid concept for describing the interests and ideas that shape the foreign policies of many key non-Western states. However, the Third World has changed in a fundamental way. The article describes the historical emergence and contemporary manifestations of a ‘creative’ Third World in contrast to the ‘protest’ Third World of the past. It describes the nature of this shift and how it is reshaping Western leadership. It argues that the main challenge for the West is to create a coherent pluralism in international order that embraces this creative Third World.     

How the World Bank manages social risks: implementation of the Social Risk Mitigation Project in Turkey

This paper aims to assess the World Bank’s social risk management approach to poverty by focusing on the implementation details of the Social Risk Mitigation Project in Turkey, a World Bank project that depends on this approach. The paper looks at the approach through the concept of neoliberal governmentality, as an attempt to produce responsible poor citizens during a period when the responsibility for providing social services is transferred to the market and the family. By using field research it demonstrates that, with the intervention of local factors, several unintended consequences emerge in the implementation of a social risk management project. The article concludes that these outcomes, although not planned or intended, have all been instrumental in depoliticising poverty and the poor in the country. Moreover, in spite of all the problems and dissatisfaction, thanks to the Bank’s own portrayal, this project has contributed to the image of the Bank as a development institution that achieves successes in its fight with poverty.     

个人理财业务发展存在的问题及对策

目前,个人理财业务在我国尚处于起步阶段,但市场前景十分广阔。各家商业银行应积极付诸行动,针对其发展中存在的同质化、定位高、缺乏高素质人才等问题,大力发展品牌化服务,创新服务渠道,开展个性化服务,积极培训理财人员,以促进个人理财业务发展。     

The FBI's Role in Expelling Germans from Ecuador During the 1940s

The expulsion from Latin America of immigrants from axis countries and their descendants is an important but little‐studied episode of the Second World War. The role of the US, and in particular that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), in their removal has largely disappeared from historical memory. This article examines how the FBI advanced US commercial interests, and in the process harmed vulnerable people who were subject to these expulsions.     

艰难的撬动--论《平凡的世界》中的爱情时代特征

爱情的时代特征是一个国家社会发展历程中精神内涵的浓缩。《平凡的世界》中对于1975～1985年间爱情的内涵、变化作了史诗般的记录。其中既有传统文化中的“夫妻档”，也有“穷小子”邂逅精英女性的高贵爱情，还有女大学生与恋人的童话式爱情模式。时代的骚动，不仅粉碎了传统上“穷”给爱情罩上的阴影，而且让青年人体味“奋斗一生”的宝贵。尤其是优雅、知性女性的出现，给1980年代的爱情文化平添了几分发展的态势。     

从委托-代理理论看国有银行的金融风险

我国国民经济的金融依存度越来越高。国有银行是国民经济发展中最重要的力量之一。在市场经济条件下,国有银行应本着追求利润最大化原则进行市场交易,而不是一种国家权力保护下的信用工具。可是,我国金融业由于体制改革滞后以致国有银行成了经济生活中主要的风险承担者,金融风险的过度集中和扩大已对金融业和国民经济整体构成威胁。应用委托—代理理论,通过分析金融风险形成机理,探讨新形势下的我国银行金融风险的特殊原因,并尝试提出一些解决之道。     

世界遗产地的环境执法方式和程序探讨

世界遗产地环境执法程序,是指世界遗产地行政执法机关执法的方式、步骤、时间和顺序。对世界遣产的保护是遗产所在地国家和地方政府的重要任务。导致世界遗产地环境执法困难的重要原因之一是环境执法的方式和程序不规范,这不仅是实践中的重要问题,也是一个至今没有明确并需进行研究的重要理论问题。     

国有商业银行组织架构整合与再造

我国国有商业银行组织架构整合与再造的思路应该是:整体组织系统要按现代商业银行的原则和运作模式构建,围绕客户进行业务流程再造,优化经营管理层次,逐步建立以纵向推动为主的事业部制。     

Financial Institutions between Effectiveness and Legitimacy – A Legal Analysis of the World Bank,Global Environment Facility and Prototype Carbon Fund

Environmental financing is one of the crucial issues of international environmental law and its implementation. From an environmental perspective a prerequisite for success is that financial resources are used in an environmentally effective way. Whether the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) can be perceived as effective environmental actors has to be measured by their objectives, their potential to promote accepted environmental standards and their relevant funding practices. After significant improvements of their environmental policies, the World Bank must be considered the most important institution for environmental financing due to its involvement in environmental trust funds but also in regard to its regular lending practices. The GEF remains exceptional due to its institutional structure and scope, whereas the PCF is an example of public–private partnerships that might be a model for future financing via trust funds. Since acceptance of institutions can only be created if they are considered to be legitimate, legitimacy is closely tied to effectiveness. The main criteria for legitimacy are state consent and the equality of states as well as supplementary considerations such as transparency and public participation. From this perspective the World Bank, GEF and PCF structures of voting and participation have come a long way, and despite their particularities and deficiencies they reflect to a varying degree elements of legitimate decision making.