艰难的撬动--论《平凡的世界》中的爱情时代特征

爱情的时代特征是一个国家社会发展历程中精神内涵的浓缩。《平凡的世界》中对于1975～1985年间爱情的内涵、变化作了史诗般的记录。其中既有传统文化中的“夫妻档”,也有“穷小子”邂逅精英女性的高贵爱情,还有女大学生与恋人的童话式爱情模式。时代的骚动,不仅粉碎了传统上“穷”给爱情罩上的阴影,而且让青年人体味“奋斗一生”的宝贵。尤其是优雅、知性女性的出现,给1980年代的爱情文化平添了几分发展的态势。     

我国网络银行发展问题探析

网络银行自诞生以来,凭借其低成本、高效益、方便快捷、应用广泛等特点,显示了强大的生命力,成为银行业发展的趋势。目前网络银行业务在我国发展逐渐普及,但还存在众多制约因素,针对网络银行的发展现状以及存在的问题,提出了我国进一步发展网络银行业务的政策建议。     

The Development Mandate of International Institutions: Where Did it Come From?

What was the origin of the commitment of international institutions to promote economic development in poorer countries? A popular view in “post-development” scholarship has been that this international development project was born with Truman’s Point Four program of 1949. This article suggests instead that it emerged for the first time in a significant way out of the Bretton Woods conference of 1944, with US-Latin American relations in the early 1940s acting as a key incubator for this innovation in international governance. This historical reinterpretation leads to a different view of the initial content of the international development project and the politics that generated it. It also challenges those who have downplayed the significance of the development content of the Bretton Woods negotiations.     

社会变迁与晚清知识分子世界观的嬗变

晚清社会变迁剧烈,极大地改变了当时中国知识分子对自身和外部世界的看法。社会的变迁导致晚清知识分子世界观发生根本性的嬗变。中国中心观念的逐渐没落正是这一嬗变最为重要的体现。晚清知识分子中国中心观念的没落,既是地域观念层面上的,又是文化观念层面的。它从一个侧面反映了近代中国知识分子在中国社会向近代转型过程当中的艰难心路历程。     

当前世界共产主义运动的三大热点问题

苏联、东欧剧变后,世界共运依然存在。当前世界共运有三个新特点:一是各国党独立自主发展,独立自主探索;二是共产党多元化、多党化;三是注意加强国际联合。世界共运面临新形势、新任务,要总结新经验,探索新道路。     

Financial Institutions between Effectiveness and Legitimacy – A Legal Analysis of the World Bank,Global Environment Facility and Prototype Carbon Fund

Environmental financing is one of the crucial issues of international environmental law and its implementation. From an environmental perspective a prerequisite for success is that financial resources are used in an environmentally effective way. Whether the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) can be perceived as effective environmental actors has to be measured by their objectives, their potential to promote accepted environmental standards and their relevant funding practices. After significant improvements of their environmental policies, the World Bank must be considered the most important institution for environmental financing due to its involvement in environmental trust funds but also in regard to its regular lending practices. The GEF remains exceptional due to its institutional structure and scope, whereas the PCF is an example of public–private partnerships that might be a model for future financing via trust funds. Since acceptance of institutions can only be created if they are considered to be legitimate, legitimacy is closely tied to effectiveness. The main criteria for legitimacy are state consent and the equality of states as well as supplementary considerations such as transparency and public participation. From this perspective the World Bank, GEF and PCF structures of voting and participation have come a long way, and despite their particularities and deficiencies they reflect to a varying degree elements of legitimate decision making.     

Overreaching In Registered Land Law

Beneficial interests under a trust were not intended to be overriding interests under section 70(1)(g) of the Land Registration Act 1925. The position was altered by Williams & Glyn's Bank Ltd v Boland , which determined that an interest under a trust for sale would bind a purchaser if the beneficiary were in actual occupation. The decision raised the question whether such interests could be overreached once the beneficiary was in occupation of the trust property. City of London Building Society v Flegg held that the relevant beneficial interest had been overreached. Both decisions assume that overreaching in registered conveyancing takes effect as it does in unregistered land. Yet there is considerable evidence that the Land Registration Act contains its own overreaching machinery. The House of Lords applied the wrong overreaching provisions in Boland and Flegg and there is no legal basis on which to recognise that trust interests can override a subsequent disposition under section 70(1)(g).     

A Century of Green Lessons: The Contribution of Nature Conservation Regimes to Global Governance

This paper reviews the lessons learned over the past 100 years in international management and conservation of the Earth's natural heritage and biological resources (fauna and flora), in the face of growing threats of degradation and extinction. The focus is on the effectiveness of intergovernmental and non-governmental institutions – in terms of agenda-setting, regime formation, implementation and compliance, and reactions to non-compliance. Among specific case histories analysed are the ivory trade ban, the whaling moratorium, and attempts at establishing an international forest regime. Innovative governance features highlighted in the field of global living resource management include active NGO participation, the use of selective economic incentives and disincentives (e.g. multilateral or bilateral trade sanctions), and a number of judicial enforcement remedies for both species-based and area-based conservation agreements. The paper concludes by assessing the prospects of transition from the paradigm of 'permanent sovereignty over natural resources' towards new concepts of public trusteeship and stewardship.     

物“在世界之中存在”

海德格尔批判了传统形而上学“主客对立”、“对象化”的物的概念。他从人与物的关系角度 ,说明人与天地万物的内在关联 ;就物本身来说 ,每一物与存在合而为一 ,都处在天、地、人、神的共在状态中     

苏联对意大利和东欧政策研究（1943—1947年）

在意大利战后安排问题上,苏联同美英两国的争斗早在二战后期就已经开始。意大利问题主要是战前殖民地等问题。出于利用英美矛盾为自己谋利的目的,苏联并不打算削弱意大利。由于英美两国在处理意大利问题上具有优先权,只允许苏联名义上参与意大利事务,并没有实际发言权,导致苏联在意大利问题上的变化以及在东欧问题上的强硬,美苏矛盾趋于尖锐化。苏联战后安全带政策目的是将东欧纳入自己的势力范围。苏联对意大利政策与对东欧政策是紧密联系在一起的。苏联从起初的不打算削弱意大利转变为不过分削弱意大利的政策,正是用来控制东欧并使其成为自己势力范围的政治筹码。这也成为美苏冷战的起源之一。