世界银行与国际货币基金组织贷款交叉条件的法律分析

世界银行与国际货币基金组织在为借款国提供贷款援助时,通过交叉设定贷款条件强化贷款条件对借款国的约束力。依交叉条件设置方式不同,可分为正式的贷款交叉条件与非正式的贷款交叉条件,其中世界银行在贷款协议中对国际货币基金组织贷款条件的交叉引用,使得国际货币基金组织非条约性质的贷款条件获得了法律约束力。中国应未雨绸缪,推动国际金融组织贷款条件的实体内容与设定程序改革,并采取必要的措施弱化贷款交叉条件的法律约束力。     

论财团抵押与银行贷款担保业务

分析企业财团抵押制度的主要特点,结合我国《担保法》、《担保法解释》和《中华人民共和国物权法》对抵押担保方式的相关规定,探讨企业财团抵押在我国银行贷款担保业务中的运用。     

The European Trips-Plus Model and The Arab World: From Co-Operation to Association— A New Era in the Global IPRS Regime?

The advocation of stronger and higher levels of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) protection has been on the rise in recent years, particularly since the establishment of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1995. Although its establishment signalled the beginning of a new phase in the protection of IPRs internationally, no more than a decade later, it is seen that such a regime is still undergoing a number of significant changes. In this regard, the rise of bilateralism and the retreat of multilateralism resulted in the so-called ‹TRIPS-Plus’ recipe in which developing countries are increasingly giving way to the demands of the industrialised countries through incorporating higher levels of IPRs protection domestically. Although the USA has often been viewed as the primary advocator and enforcer of the TRIPS-Plus recipe globally, this article shows that in fact the European Union (EU) advocated the TRIPS-Plus recipe long before the USA. Thus, this article discusses the case of the European TRIPS-Plus model with the Arab World as a clear demonstration of such a trend. Developing and Arab countries are now faced with two determined superpowers acting at both the unilateral and bilateral levels to achieve their desired higher standards of IPRs protection worldwide. This will further erode the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, and will entail grave repercussions for both the developing and Arab countries. LLM, PhD, Lecturer in Law, University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), UK. The author may be contacted at mel-said@uclan.ac.uk     

社会变迁与晚清知识分子世界观的嬗变

晚清社会变迁剧烈，极大地改变了当时中国知识分子对自身和外部世界的看法。社会的变迁导致晚清知识分子世界观发生根本性的嬗变。中国中心观念的逐渐没落正是这一嬗变最为重要的体现。晚清知识分子中国中心观念的没落，既是地域观念层面上的，又是文化观念层面的。它从一个侧面反映了近代中国知识分子在中国社会向近代转型过程当中的艰难心路历程。     

WTO下行政主体观念之变革

加入WTO,对我国现存的行政管理体制冲击很大,它要求我们在很多方面同国际接轨,遵循游戏规则,尤其是政府作为行政主体,在行政观念上更应作出适时变革,树立法治意识、平等意识、服务意识、世界意识、平衡意识和守信意识。     

How the World Trade Organization shapes regulatory governance

The World Trade Organization (WTO) arguably shapes regulatory governance in more countries to a greater extent than any other international organization. This article provides a new framework for assessing the broader transnational regulatory implications of the WTO as part of a transnational legal order (TLO) in terms of four dimensions of regulatory change that permeate the state: (i) changes in the boundary between the market and the state (involving concomitantly market liberalization and growth of the administrative state); (ii) changes in the relative authority of institutions within the state (promoting bureaucratized and judicialized governance); (iii) changes in professional expertise engaging with state regulation (such as the role of lawyers); and (iv) changes in normative frames and accountability mechanisms for national regulation (which are trade liberal and transnational in scope). In practice, these four dimensions of change interact and build on each other. The article presents what we know to date and a framework for conducting further study of such transnational legal ordering.     

Political Trust,Corruption, and Ratings of the IMF and the World Bank

There are only a handful of studies that examine public support for the IMF and World Bank. Public opinion data on attitudes to the economy feature prominently in these studies. Utilizing data from the Afrobarometer survey, we find that evaluations of the economy, ideology, and a range of sociodemographic factors including age, gender, employment status, health, education, and living conditions are not significantly related to ratings of effectiveness. Rather, we find that political trust and corruption—two very important concepts in the wider literature on individual-level attitudes toward international relations and foreign policy issues—are strongly associated with ratings of effectiveness.     

亚洲开发银行对东盟国家的高等教育援助

亚洲开发银行对东盟国家的高等教育进行了大力援助。针对不同类型的国家,亚洲开发银行的援助侧重点不同：对后发展型国家如老挝、柬埔寨高等教育的援助主要是帮助其扩大规模和开展能力建设;对经济转型国家如泰国,则重点帮助其进行适应经济结构调整的高等教育改革;对菲律宾这样高等教育发展相对较好的国家,则在财政体制改革、教育质量提升和机构组织建设方面施以援手;对于体制转型的越南,则力促其高等教育与市场化改革相结合。     

The involvement of the men and religion forward movement in the cause of labor justice,Atlanta, Georgia, 1912–1916∗

The radical ideologies and socialist overtones of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) made them an easy target for industrialists as nationalistic and patriotic propaganda flooded the pages of American newspapers during World War I. The war in Europe marked the beginning of the end for the rapid growth and labor organizing power of the IWW, especially in the northwestern United States where WWI was used as a means for state governments and regional industrialists to devise methods meant to damage the union beyond repair. After America’s declaration of war, the Washington State Council of Defense was formed in response to the nation’s demand for mobilization of its citizens for increased production of war materiel and to operate the state’s wartime propaganda machine. With an abundance of natural resources, Washington had a profound impact on national war production output. Although it possessed several important extractive industries, it was Washington’s quality grain, especially in the southeast portion of the state known as the Palouse, which made it a boon for agricultural industrialists. With wheat prices fixed at the highest in the nation’s history, Palouse farmers became wealthy as a result of WWI, while the area’s thousands of migrant laborers suffered from low wages and pitiful job conditions. A general strike issued during the 1917 harvest by the IWW’s most influential branch – the Agricultural Workers Industrial Union (AWIU) frightened area farmers, prompting the Defense Council to begin a systematic replacement of AWIU harvest hands via the organization of thousands of women, children, and retirees. Through appeals to patriotism and anti-labor rhetoric, the Defense Council and local reactionaries effectively circumvented union labor with its labor replacement campaign throughout the remainder of WWI, and without the use of violence so common to labor conflicts in Washington State. The IWW/AWIU in the Palouse never fully recovered from the onslaught, thus adding to the union’s near collapse in the aftermath of WWI.     

WTO与我国仲裁法律制度的变革

在WTO争端解决机制中,具体的争端解决方式有协商、斡旋、调解、调停、诉讼和仲裁等,其中仲裁是常选的方式。加入WTO对我国仲裁事业产生了深刻的影响,特别是WTO争端解决机制中有关仲裁的规定给我国仲裁法律制度的发展带来了新的机遇与挑战。而现阶段我国仲裁法律制度中还存在着一些缺陷,从客观上影响了与WTO规则的一致性。该文从WTO仲裁规则的历史发展和主要内容出发,分析WTO规则对我国仲裁法律制度的要求,提出了我国仲裁法律制度具体变革的措施。