The making of an expert detective: the role of experience in English and Norwegian police officers’ investigative decision-making

Biased decision-making in criminal investigations can impede or arrest the progress of justice. Previous research has not systematically addressed the effects of professional experience on the quality of detectives’ decision-making. Using a quasi-experimental design, this study compared the quality of investigative decisions made by experienced detectives and novice police officers in two countries with markedly different models for the development of investigative expertise (England and Norway). Participants (N?=?124) were presented with two semi-fictitious cases and were asked to report all relevant investigative hypotheses and necessary investigative actions in each case. The quality of participants’ responses was gauged against a gold standard established by a panel of senior homicide experts. In the English sample, experienced detectives vastly outperformed novice police officers in the number of reported gold-standard investigative hypotheses and actions. In the Norwegian sample, however, experienced detectives did not perform any better than novices. We argue that English (vs. Norwegian) detectives may benefit more from professional experience due to their Professionalising Investigation Programme and a nationwide accreditation program, requiring them to engage in extensive standardized training, systematic evaluation and synchronized development. In contrast, Norway lacks such requirements. Methodological limitations and implications for police training and accreditation policies are discussed.     

Techniques in Innovative Policy Making: Example of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India

The problem of social ills such as unemployment, poverty, and accelerating pace of rural-urban migration is not only enormous in magnitude, but also complex by nature in developing countries. This article introduces an innovative regulatory approach that addresses the complexity and scale of such problems. An analytical and decision-making model is presented. This model prescribes reflecting on two or more problems simultaneously. Such an approach is expected to create a fresh opportunity for policy makers and scholars in solving problem scenarios, bringing their vantage point to bear on pressing social matters. The model presented in this article is applied to analyze the NREGA or National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 in India. This Act represents a novel approach to policy-making and demonstrates the positive role governments can play in labor markets. The design, implementation, and promising initial results clearly challenge existing wisdom on how to make effective policy decisions. The framework presented in the article best explains various facets of this remarkable policy and shows how governments can intervene in the labor markets and correct for imperfections. Pioneering future applications to other social and economic challenges are suggested. Also, implications for research and policy are provided.     

原因自由行为探析

本文围绕着原因自由行为之法理的历史发展、体系位置、适用范围、与“同在原则”及完全昏醉罪的关系等问题进行了论述。就我国而言,最优的解决方案就是在刑法总则中设置关于原因自由行为的提示性条款,在分则危害公共安全罪一章中设置完全昏醉罪的条款。     

Digital identity – The legal person?

This paper examines the concept of digital identity which the author asserts is now evident in the United Kingdom as a consequence of the Identity Cards Act (UK) 2006 and the National Identity Scheme it establishes. The nature and functions of the concept, particularly the set of information which constitutes an individual's transactional identity, are examined. The paper then considers the central question of who, or what, is the legal person in a transaction i.e. who or what enters into legal relations. The analysis presents some intriguing results which were almost certainly not envisaged by the legislature. The implications extend beyond the United Kingdom to similar schemes in other jurisdictions, and to countries, like Australia, which may implement such a scheme.     

刑事诉讼本科教学要传播人文精神——以落实“卓越法律人才培养计划”为主的分析

卓越法律人才培养计划中的刑事诉讼本科教学要在批判传统中传播人文精神,要克服有罪推定与单一化的打击犯罪,聚焦人权问题,突出人权保障。人权保障的突出要通过明确人权内涵、区分人权存在状态、凝练人权的基本范畴而在授课中自成系统,要通过选取正反两方面案例材料来印证,要增加必修课课时、增设从历史切入的国外刑事诉讼选修课来落实。     

Implementing EU emissions trading: success or failure?

This article assesses and explains the implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS). It argues that implementation in terms of ambitiousness has been only moderately successful so far, but significant differences between the Member States are also observed. Similarities and differences are then explained within a multi-level governance approach emphasizing the need to search for explanations at national, EU, and global levels. The EU ETS case shows that the multi-level governance approach can be as relevant for understanding implementation as for explaining policy-making. In addition to factors located at the national level, the decentralized nature of the EU scheme itself is important for understanding how the system works in practice. At the global level, the link to the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is particularly important for determining how well the EU ETS will perform in the future.     

镇级财政管理体制变革的制度分析——以深圳市宝安区沙井镇为例

转型时期，制度规则的演变非常重要。本以深圳市宝安区沙井镇财政资金推行会计委派制为例，从制度变迁的角度探讨了镇级财政管理体制变革。本首先审视了沙井镇变革前财政管理制度的不均衡状态，然后比较分析了其财政制度变迁的收益和成本，最后描述了沙井镇财政管理制度变迁的实际过程及对我国镇级财政管理体制变革的启示。     

培养大学生创新意识是国家创新体系可持续发展的要求

国家创新体系建设是提升国家科技竞争力、提高国家综合实力的一项战略。大学作为国家创新体系建设的主体，承载着培养高素质的创新人才的重任。大学生是国家、民族的未来，大学生创新意识、创业精神的培养直接影响着国家创新体系的可持续发展，也是高等院校实践科学发展观的本质要求，必须加强对大学生创新意识、创业精神的培养途径的探讨与研究。     

验资机构对验资委托人的民事责任及其认定

验资机构和验资委托人之间的委托合同以委托人与验资机构之间的相互信任为前提,属于双务、有偿合同、不要式和诺成的特别委托合同。验资机构对验资委托人的民事责任存在契约责任与侵权责任竞合的情形。损害赔偿是验资机构对验资委托人承担民事责任的主要方式。由于委托人或第三人的原因而导致验资机构出具的验资报告与实际状况不符,委托人或第三人应当承担相应的责任。对于委托验资合同的免责条款的效力,应当从我国现行合同立法的规定和合同权利义务以及风险分配的合理性两个方面出发加以认定。     

建立我国海外投资保险制度体系的法律思考

本文从海外投资保险制度的最核心部分———代位权进行探讨 ,对两种类型的海外投资保险制度进行了法理分析 ,阐述了我国应建立双边的海外投资保险机制 ,同时应充分利用《汉城公约》和《华盛顿公约》对我国海外投资所提供的保障作用。