浅析解决南海争端的策略——基于博弈论的视角

南海地区自古就是中国领土。随着南海地区丰富资源的发现,周边国家纷纷染指南中国海,侵占南海海域,对我国的主权提出了严峻挑战。对于南海相关各方,如何在维护地区和平的前提下解决南海争端就成了备受关注的话题。本文基于博弈论的视角,就相关各方解决南海争端的策略进行简要分析,以期为解决南海问题建言献策。     

危险个人概念的产生溯源

危险个人概念产生于19世纪中后期.当时,工业经济快速发展,人口迅猛增加,但社会环境恶化,危险个人大量涌现,严重威胁着社会安全.这一概念的产生还受到了实证主义、达尔文进化论以及精神病学的发展的影响,而且与国家惩罚权力的转型密切相关.     

论英国土地保有关系对债作为财产所有权客体的影响

英国法上,财产所有权的客体不是有体物而是财产利益。英国法财产所有权客体的形成有其特定的历史原因,土地保有关系的产生是英国法财产权客体定位为财产利益的根本原因,土地保有关系模式下的这种立法思想深深影响了英国所有权客体理论。在英国法上,任何具有独占排他的财产利益均可以成为所有权的客体,因合同等原因而产生的债属于债权人的财产利益,因此英国法将其作为所有权的客体。英国法明确区分因合同产生的债的所有权以及合同权利本身,英国法的债权的二分理论值得我国学界研究。     

紧急权力法及其理论的演变

紧急权力法律制度是一种内在矛盾的组合,其古代形态是古罗马专政制度和中止一般执法活动制度,近代形态主要是戒严法和围困状态法,现代则以紧急状态和紧急权力的规范形式兴盛于全球。西方的法律与紧急权力理论有例外型和规训型两类,前者主张紧急权力居于法律之外,后者主张紧急权力应受法律的充分规训。法律与紧急权力共有五种理论模式:调适、例外法、惯常、政治动员和权威专政。除惯常模式以外,其他四种模式都在中国出现过。中国现行紧急权力制度遵循政治动员、调适和例外法三种模式,未来发展是建立融合政治动员和例外法模式优点的调适模式制度。     

Gendered Responses to Serious Strain: The Argument for a General Strain Theory of Deviance

This paper expands and builds on newer avenues in research on gender and general strain theory (GST). I accomplish this by focusing on serious strains that are relevant for males and females, including externalizing and internalizing forms of negative emotions, and including multiple gendered deviant outcomes. Using the Add Health dataset, I find strong support for the impact of serious strains on both types of negative emotions and different forms of deviance for males and females. However, the experience of serious strain, emotionally and behaviorally, is gendered. Depressive symptoms are particularly important for all types of deviance by females. Including multiple types of deviant outcomes offers a fuller understanding of both similarities and differences by gender. These results support the utility of GST as a theory of deviance in general and support greater connections between GST, feminist theorizing, and the sociology of mental health.     

Kalevipoeg: Aspects of Genre and Authorship

F. R. Kreutzwald introduced the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg (1861) as genuine folklore, overshadowing his own prevalent role in its creation: the problems of genre and authorship persist in the text. Firstly, Kalevipoeg was shaped by the poetics of romantic balladry. This can be proved by its author’s devotion to the ballad; in addition, many a lyro-epic folk song has been integrated into Kalevipoeg. Thus, a ballad-like lyro-dramatical-epical structure bears upon the work which gave rise to a new form: the lyro-epic epic. Secondly, a complex cluster of authorship can be extracted from Kalevipoeg: personal, fictional, intertextual, and discursive authorships.     

GENERATIVE EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME: USING SIMULATION TO TEST CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY*

This study demonstrates that computational modeling and, in particular, agent‐based modeling (ABM) offers a viable compatriot to traditional experimental methodologies for criminology scholars. ABM can be used as a means to operationalize and test hypothetical mechanisms that offer a potential explanation for commonly observed criminological phenomena. This study tests whether the hypothesized mechanisms of environmental criminology are sufficient to produce several commonly observed characteristics of crime. We present an ABM of residential burglary, simulating a world inhabited by potential targets and offenders who behave according to the theoretical propositions of environmental criminology. A series of simulated experiments examining the impact of these mechanisms on patterns of offending are performed. The outputs of these simulations then are compared with several well‐established findings derived from empirical studies of residential burglary, including the spatial concentration of crime, repeat victimization, and the journey to crime curve. The results from this research demonstrate that the propositions of the routine activity approach, rational choice perspective, and crime pattern theory provide a viable generative explanation for several independent characteristics of crime.     

How General is Control Balance Theory? Evidence from Ukraine

This study tests control balance theory using interview data from a random sample of adults in a large city in Ukraine. This is the first empirical assessment of the theory to employ a random sample of adults in a nonwestern culture, and it is one of only two studies to incorporate Tittle’s theoretical revisions and measurement strategy for the control ratio. Although we found no evidence of a relationship between projected deviance and a dichotomous measure of control imbalance, respondents with a relatively large control imbalance were significantly more likely to project deviance than were other respondents. In addition, findings provide partial support for predicted contingent relationships involving constraint and self-control. We discuss possible ways in which the socio-cultural circumstances of Ukraine help to explain these findings.     

Getting Caught and Getting Hitched: An Assessment of the Relationship Between Police Intervention,Life Chances,and Romantic Unions

Little research has assessed the link between formal police intervention, financial hardship, and the formation and quality of romantic relationships. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we contribute to this literature by examining effects of police intervention at two time points on marriage stability and romantic relationship quality. We find that police intervention during adolescence is associated with increases in financial hardship during young adulthood, which, in turn, decreases the odds of entering into a stable marriage by age 31 and the extent to which those who have a romantic relationship feel their partner is supportive. Early police intervention also is indirectly associated with a reduction in partner satisfaction and an increase in partner violence via young adult arrest. We conclude that even minimally invasive contact with the criminal justice system during adolescence has long-lasting collateral consequences in the family arena.     

Misperceived Neighborhood Values and Informal Social Control

Social disorganization theory explains the effects of neighborhood structure and culture on crime and delinquency. Within this perspective, the role of neighborhood informal social control is argued to be an important protective factor against many social problems. While a growing body of research supports the importance of informal social control, we still have limited understanding of its development. Of the research that does exist in this area, most examines structural processes supporting informal social control, while cultural aspects of communities have only rarely been examined. We further develop this limited body of research by drawing on the prevention literature that focuses on social norms and their misperceptions. Specifically, this study examines the role of pluralistic ignorance regarding neighborhood values on the likelihood of informal social control. The results are discussed in relation to social norms theory and their relevance for crime‐prevention strategies.