英语读音引起的歧义种种

语音在英语学习中占有举足轻重的地位,它直接影响着学习者的英语水平。读音不同可能产生语义不同而引起别人误解,影响交流。重音、同音异义、连读、失去爆破等读音不同都可能引起歧义。因此,在学英语过程中要重视读音以更好地掌握英语,用准确的英语进行交流。     

英语中的歧义问题

语言的歧义问题是一个自然现象,这是由于思维方式、文化背景的不问造成的。但语言的歧义问题是可以通过语境来消 除的。     

The benefits of norm ambiguity: constructing the responsibility to protect across Rwanda,Iraq and Libya

Over the past two decades, International Relations scholars have highlighted the importance of efforts by hegemonic states and norm entrepreneurs to foster norm clarity when promoting the establishment, institutionalisation, and internalisation of norms. Yet, such analyses obscure the benefits of norm ambiguity in facilitating consensus, flexibility, and compliance. The authors offer a framework positing that hegemonic and institutional ambiguity can help create consensus and facilitate incremental reform necessary to sustain that consensus. Empirically, the authors then show how such ambiguity has facilitated the development of the responsibility to protect norm, tracing Rwanda-era debates over humanitarian intervention, Iraq-era backlash over interventionist abuses, and Libya-era norm implementation.     

Merleau-Ponty's Conception of Dialectics in Phenomenology of Perception

Although the fact that Merleau-Ponty has a dialectical approach in Phenomenology of Perception has been discussed in recent Anglophone readings, there has not been an explicit clarification as to how his varying usages of the term hang together. Given his repeated references to Hegel and to dialectics, coupled with the fact that dialectics are not part of the Husserlian phenomenology or Heideggerean existentialism from which Merleau-Ponty draws so much, the question of just what he does with the idea of dialectics presents itself. In this paper I argue that, in Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty saw Hegel as providing a model for the conception of rationality and meaning that must underpin the existentialist response to the problems bequeathed him by Husserlian phenomenology: namely, the problems of embodiment, perception and the constitution of the world. In connection with this, I suggest an interpretation of Merleau-Ponty's “existential dialectics” that focuses on his three principal uses of the term: 1) a “dialectic of objective thought,” 2) a set of existential-dialectical categories intended to capture the ontological structure of the “body-subject” as “being-in-the-world,” and 3) a dialectic at the cultural level concerning others and history.     

Cyprus: in search of an exit from ambiguity

This paper underlines the relevance of ambiguity theory to understand the persistence of frames of agents and their audience with regard to ‘self,’ ‘other’ and the ‘land’ in a protracted conflict such as Cyprus. It examines the case study of Cyprus from the signing of the Agreements on Cyprus (1959), through the Turkish intervention (1974) and until the Akinci election (2015). The paper shows how peace agreements may impose ways of looking that endure the ups and downs of social adaptation after the signing of peace agreements. These frames go on to constitute archetypes against which other frames are ordered or evaluated. Moreover, the paper shows that despite worthy suggestions to create cross-cutting linkages among the Greek and the Turkish Cypriot communities, coexistence necessitates understanding how groups are likely to frame the available options and respond to ambiguity.     

Is Unilateralism Always Bad? Negotiation Lessons from Israel's “Unilateral” Gaza Withdrawal

Using the 2005 unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza as a case study, this article exposes an apparent paradox: circumstances may exist in which an outcome that serves the interests of parties to a conflict cannot be achieved through bilateral negotiation but can be achieved by unilateral action. Although the withdrawal was seen at the time as serving the interests of both the Israeli government and the Palestinians, we argue that the same result could not have been achieved through bilateral negotiations. “Behind‐the‐table” internal conflicts on each side would have made it impossible for the leaders to agree on the scope of these negotiations. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's success in implementing his Gaza withdrawal was attributable in significant measure to his ability to maintain ambiguity about his long‐run plans for the West Bank. Only by focusing attention on Gaza was he able to build the necessary coalition to implement the controversial move. The Palestinian leaders, on the other hand, could never have agreed to come to the table to negotiate about Gaza alone — they would have insisted that the scope of any negotiations address a broad range of final status issues. In this article, we identify some of the lessons that the Gaza example teaches regarding the utility and limits of unilateralism as well as the benefits and potential costs of employing ambiguity as a strategy to help accomplish a controversial move. Finally, we also explore the aftermath of the withdrawal and its many missed opportunities for improving the outcome. We suggest that, even when acting unilaterally, leaders should carefully consider the probable impact of their actions on the internal conflicts of their adversaries.     

政策模糊视阈下试点政策执行机制研究 ——基于低碳城市试点政策的案例分析

试点是中国政策实践过程中的一种常见现象,现有研究多从政策制定和政策创新扩散的视角研究试点的运行机制,而忽视了试点的政策属性。试点是一种特殊的政策类型,其执行不同于一般的政策执行过程。从府际关系基础上所形成的政策模糊属性出发,采用案例研究方法,通过对低碳城市试点政策进行深入剖析,探究试点政策的执行机制。研究发现,试点政策经过一系列复杂的动态过程,依靠四种执行机制得以落实:一是在执行中规划,即以规划推动执行的方案规划机制;二是双轨并行的执行制度保障机制;三是多重嵌套的试点示范落实机制;四是模糊与清晰交叉共存的策略选择机制。四种机制相互衔接、相互依存,推动了试点政策的落实。     

资本分类与失效之辨析

现有的人力资本理论未能针对不同外部条件下的人力资本进行有效分类,当外部环境发生急剧变化时,将发生人力资本失效,造成人力资本不能配置到与之属性相符合的生产部门。在人力资本存量不低的情况下,会形成人力资本大量闲置而经济社会发展缺乏动力的情况。     

对明确性原则的理性思考

明确性原则是罪刑法定主义的基本要求,模糊性也是刑法规范的基本属性,有其存在的合理依据,承认、正视刑法规范的模糊性是为了更好地坚持与维护明确性原则。     

刑法规范的明确性与模糊性——诠释学视野下的刑法解释应用

语言世界是个十分模糊的世界。从哲学角度来看,语义的模糊性是绝对的,而明确性是相对的,由此决定了建立在成文法基础上的刑法规范也同时具有明确性与模糊性的特征。刑法规范追求明确具体,但从立法技术的角度考察,却并不是越明确越具体越好。实际上,明确与模糊都是相对而言的,限度之内的模糊能够扩充刑法规范的涵摄力,进而为刑法解释提供能动的空间,这也符合诠释学视野下的刑法解释论说。