SEM/EDAX检测内脏异物元素成分诊断溺死

为探讨溺死诊断的依据和推断入水地点，用扫描电镜／X－射线谱仪（SEM／EDAX）检测19例溺死尸体及28只溺死兔的肺、肾、心、肝等组织异物颗粒及其元素成分和含量，并以陆地上死亡尸体14具及8只陆地上勒死兔（2只勒死后入水浸泡6天）作实验对照。结果发现，19例溺死尸体及28只溺死兔的肺边缘区呼吸性细支气管、肺泡管、肺泡囊及肺泡内均可见高能谱值的异物颗粒，其大小自数微米至数十微米不等，多为无定形异物颗粒或细小异物颗粒集落。其中元素成分为硅、铝、钙、铁、铬、钛、钼、铅、锡、铜、溴等，与入水地点溺液中所含元素成分相同；肾、心、肝组织异物颗粒检出率分别为77％、53％及47％，数量较少，颗粒较小，大小自1微米以下至十数微米。非溺死尸体及实验兔的肺、肾、心、肝组织未检出或偶尔检出异物颗粒，其元素成分多为铁、钙或硅等，可能是病理及生理性异物颗粒，如含铁血黄素、钙化灶等。用SEM／EDAX检测水中尸体组织中异物颗粒及其元素成分和含量，可以诊断溺死，推断入水区域，为明确案件性质和确定侦察范围提供科学依据。     

利用牙齿长度的增长量推断死亡年龄

牙齿由于形成条件的特殊性和颚骨的保护作用 ,因而具有很好的防腐性和抗降解性。因此 ,可以利用牙齿长度来推断青、幼年人的死亡年龄。即通过重复测量 10 0颗牙齿 ,利用数理统计的方法 ,推导出牙齿长度与年龄的回归方程。然后 ,将现场提取的孤立牙齿的长度值与种类代入该方程 ,便可推算出死亡年龄。     

pMCT118位点扩增片段长度多态性及其应用

本文报道了对98例中国人 pMCT118位点扩增片段长度多态性的等位基因频率调查及有关法医生物物证检验问题的研究。用多聚酶链反应、小型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染方法,在12h 内检测低至1ngDNA 的 pMCT118位点扩增片段长度多态性。已发现22个等位基因,大小分布在340～780bp 之间,基因频率为0.005～0.3,杂合度为79%。对6个家系22名相关个体的分析符合孟德尔定律。探讨了微量检材样品制备和对混合斑、单根毛囊、唾液等生物检材的法医应用。对20个实际案例进行了检验。     

关于身高的分析

文章以身高分析原理为基础,列举了足迹检验中身高分析的常用方法,结合办案经验对公式运用、计算结果的准确性、误差产生原因进行论述,给出身高分析方法的改进意见。     

Stature estimation from tibia percutaneous length: New equations derived from a Mediterranean population

Stature is a fundamental anthropometric character to trace the biological profile of a person. In some cases, when dismembered or mutilated bodies are discovered in a forensic context, it is essential to estimate stature from single districts of the body. Nevertheless, to date and worldwide, there are only few population-specific studies on stature estimation from leg length and none of them concerns modern populations in southern Europe. We attempted to fill this gap, focusing on the estimation of stature from the length of the tibia in a Mediterranean population (Italians). We carried out the current study on a sample of 374 Italian university students of both sexes (age range: 19.9–34.4). Both, actual stature and percutaneous length of tibia were measured and new equations were developed for stature estimation. We tested separate regression equations for each sex, as well as an equation for remains, whose sex is unknown. To assess their reliability, the equations were tested on a holdout sample of 30 individuals from the same population. Moreover, results of new specific linear regression equations were compared to others from the literature. We demonstrated that the newly proposed formulae (for males and combined sexes) and the ones by Olivier (for females) provided the most reliable estimations of stature for southern Europeans.     

死后小鼠脑组织细胞核DNA变化规律的研究

目的研究DNA降解变化与死亡时间的关系,为法医学推断死亡时间提供一种比较准确可靠的新方法。方法应用单细胞凝胶电泳（SCGE）技术结合荧光显微镜和专业的计算机图像分析技术,测定了111只小鼠在死后72h内不同时间点小鼠脑组织细胞核头半径（HeadRadius,HR）、尾长度（Tail Length,TL）、头DNA（HeadDNA）含量比例、尾DNA（Tail DNA）含量比例、尾矩（Tail Moment,TM）、Olive矩（Olive Moment,OM）、头面积（Head Area,HA）、尾面积（Tail Area,TA）8项参数的变化值。结果在个体死亡72h内,测定的8项参数指标中尾DNA含量比例、彗星尾长、尾矩、Olive矩、尾面积都呈增加趋势,头半径,头DNA含量比例,头面积均呈下降趋势。上述参数均与死亡时间具有高度的相关性。并将每个参数的测量值进行了多项式运算,获得了更能体现DNA降解趋势的二项式回归方程（P〈0．001）和多元回归方程（P〈0．001）,均具有高度的统计学意义。结论应用本研究提供的72h内脑组织DNA变化与死亡时间之间呈线性关系的各组回归方程,为法医学推断死后经过时间提供了一种新的、客观的、精确的方法和参考依据。     

Stature Estimation from Foot Length Using Universal Regression Formula in a North Indian Population

Abstract:  Stature is a significant parameter in establishing identity of an unknown. Conventionally, researchers derive regression formula separately for males and females. Sex, however, may not always be determined accurately, particularly in dismembered remains and thus the need for a universal regression formula for stature estimation irrespective of sex of an individual. The study was carried out in an endogamous group of North India to compare the accuracy of sex-specific regression models for stature estimation from foot length with the models derived when the sex was presumed as unknown. The study reveals that regression equation derived for the latter can estimate stature with reasonable accuracy. Thus, stature can be estimated accurately from foot length by regression analysis even when sex remains unknown.     

Fatal Drowning Accident and Undiagnosed Hydrocephalus

Abstract: Bodies found in water present several diagnostic challenges for the forensic examiner, such as the identification of the time and mechanism of death, the postmortem submersion time, and above all the circumstances of drowning. We report the case of a 33‐year‐old security guard found dead in Venice, in the water of the lagoon, who at autopsy presented a previously undiagnosed hydrocephalus with macrocephaly. The victim remained asymptomatic until 2 months before death and had never undergone a neurological or radiological examination. In the article, we emphasize the need to perform a thorough autopsy in all suspected drownings, discuss the etiopathogenesis of the neurological disease and hypothesize a possible relationship between the hydrocephalus and the drowning accident. Finally, we discuss the major clinical and forensic implications of macrocephaly and hydrocephalus in adults.     

高度近视者眼球结构与视力的关系

目的 探讨高度近视者眼球结构和视力的关系.方法 对不同近视程度的志愿者共152人(283眼),依次检查视力、眼轴长度、眼底,然后分别根据屈光度、眼轴长度及眼底进行分级,探讨屈光度、眼轴长度及眼底近视改变与视力的关系,拟出视力与眼球结构指标的相关性数学模型.结果 眼底分级、弧盘比值、眼轴长度、屈光度与视力呈中度相关(lrl>0.4,P<0.0001);当眼轴长度≥30.00mm、屈光度-20.00D及以上、眼底分级为4级者,其视力多在0.5以下.建立了高度近视者眼球结构和视力的数学模型.结论 高度近视眼视力随眼轴延长、屈光度加深、眼底病变程度加重而降低.综合、客观的眼球结构检查可以帮助判断和评估高度近视者的视力状况.     

“买断工龄”的法律规制探讨

"买断工龄"是因企业改制或企业资产发生重大变化而导致的劳动关系的解除。其有劳动法的依据,但其规定过于笼统,从而导致"买断工龄"侵犯职工合法权益,有必要进行立法。在立法方面,应当针对包括国有企业在内的企业改制或企业资产发生重大变化而导致的劳动关系的解除进行规制,保证程序公正,赋予职工集体谈判权,把"买断工龄"争议纳入劳动仲裁和诉讼解决的轨道,加强政府责任。