论犯罪经济学的产生和研究概况

犯罪经济学是用经济学的原理和经济分析方法 ,研究、分析、探讨经济等利益因素与犯罪人的意识相互作用的规律及预防、控制犯罪的对策理论的一门新兴学科。它认为犯罪人所以实施犯罪 ,是理性选择的结果。理性选择是以权衡资源的投入与收益的大小、追求效益最大化为目的的 ,因此预防犯罪的对策应针对犯罪人理性 ,采取加大犯罪投入资源的成本、降低犯罪收益的措施 ,才能收到好的效果。犯罪经济学虽然运用了经济学的原理和经济分析方法 ,但由于研究的核心问题是犯罪问题 ,所以它的学科性质应属于犯罪学的分支学科。犯罪经济学产生于 2 0世纪 60年代后期 ,当时以美国为首的西方国家犯罪率猛增 ,对社会经济发展造成了严重危害 ,对该问题的研究要求用新思想、新方法进行 ,同时在美国发达的市场经济条件下 ,要求人们用经济分析方法去解决和对待一切问题 ,因而促使了犯罪经济学的产生。犯罪经济学的产生大大丰富了犯罪研究领域的内容 ,为犯罪研究提供了新的理论方法 ,对犯罪学的发展作出了积极的贡献。在我国 ,犯罪经济学的研究还处于零散的尚未形成系统的阶段 ,其观点主要有广义说和狭义说两种。     

对西方经济学教学的几点建议

经济学作为一门致用的科学,在西方经济学的教学过程中,我们应该本着科学的态度,以"传道、授业、解惑"为宗旨,客观地对待我们所讲述的理论,在与其他流派的理论进行比较分析的同时、通过案例教学和理论实践效果分析、老师讲授与学生在实际调查研究中主动学习相结合,让学生尽可能客观、全面、深入地理解和认识我们所讲授的经济学理论,培养学生的经济学分析思维。     

Fuel Distribution in Brazil： Profile and Stability of Plural Governances

This paper is dedicated to the study of governances adopted by fuel distributors in their transactions with gas station retailers in the State of Sgo Paulo. With the deregulation of the market, plural forms were allowed and have been a recurring presence. The main aim of the paper is to investigate why these plural forms have remained on the market The main hypothesis of this paper is that the plural forms found are transitory, not as a result of increased efficiency and reduced transaction costs, but because plural forms have become a key strategic step in securing business partners and promoting greater growth of the firm. Moreover, it is argued that the institutional environment has a significant influence on the coordination of plural forms, directly interfering with their stability. The research method was qualitative research with a group of 25 distribution companies which account for about 80% of sales of ethanol and gasoline in the domestic market.     

How Economists Help Central Government Think: Survey Evidence from the UK Government Economic Service

Economic thinking is widely used now across most areas of government activity, though there is not much research on what professional economists do. This paper, therefore, develops and reports on a survey of over 500 members of the UK Government Economic Service, which we use to shed light on the activities and thinking of practitioners. We find, inter alia, that professional economics can be seen as drawing on at least four distinct economic paradigms, that the uses of economics vary significantly between areas of government and that whilst significant use of research can be made, this is not necessarily a defining aspect of professional practice.     

Corporate Governance of Nonprofit Organizations: Cooperation and Control

Abstract

This article explores the limits of institutional economics regarding the cooperation of boards of directors and executive directors of nonprofit organizations. The normative separation of power between these central actors resulting especially from arguments derived from institutional economics is being reflected using the analytical approach from the resource-based view and empirical evidence based upon group and motivational theory. After analyzing the board’s role and the individual board member’s role within a nonprofit organization, the paper explores the limits to decision-making within governing bodies. The paper shows why a unitary board can improve the quality of decision-making within nonprofit organizations by raising the incentives for the executive director to act as desired. The paper also explores the impact of trust and different types of control upon the key actors within the governance process in order to derive the suitable form of control from that analysis.     

Incorporating trauma-informed care into evidence-based sex offender treatment

Abstract

As we move forward in the field of sex offender treatment, clinicians should consider incorporating principles of trauma-informed care (TIC) into evidence-based sex offender treatment models. Early adverse experiences are prevalent in the general population and more so in criminal and sex offender populations. Early trauma paves the way for maladaptive coping and interpersonal deficits, which can lead to abusive behaviour. Content-oriented sex offender treatment models emphasising cognitive-behavioural skills should integrate process-oriented components that address the ways in which early trauma shapes adult cognitions and behaviour. Relational approaches to therapy can enhance clients' interpersonal skills and improve general well-being. This type of personal growth would be expected to mitigate future offending as the client adopts and successfully practices healthier, non-destructive strategies for meeting emotional needs.     

Governance and governmentality: a discussion in the context of UK private pension provision

Abstract

While the governance of pension schemes, and the risk this poses for pension savers, is a prominent issue in current pension debate in the UK, this paper places that debate in, arguably, the more important context of the governance of individual behaviour. Using the concept of governmentality as a means of interpreting the course of recent UK pension policy and its attempts to influence individual saving behaviour, it critiques that policy. The paper then goes on to consider the effect of the introduction of personal accounts upon the pensions landscape, and in particular its potential to push forward the government's recent approach to pension provision. It argues that these reforms, rather than furthering individual saving for retirement, may alternatively create the very real possibility of undermining it.     

西方经济分析法学在中国

经济分析法学坚持效率应当被看作是法律的基本价值 ,法律的效益价值理论和经济分析方法是法学研究理论领域和方法论上的重大突破 ,经济分析法学对我国市场经济条件下的法治建设具有重要意义。     

经济学的"忧郁"和可持续发展

经济学的“忧郁”是指以李加图、马尔萨斯、马寅初等为代表的一批经济学家对经济可持续发展的一种早期的“忧患”意识。虽然他们的理论在不同时期都不同程度地遭受过人们的误解甚至是批判 ,但他们的理论却揭示出人类社会可持续发展过程中将会遇到的最根本的问题即人口、资源和环境等问题。因此 ,对经济的可持续发展具有奠基的作用和震撼的意义。     

马克思主义经济学的人文关怀与人的全面发展

人自身素质的提高和全面是社会发展目标和发展价值的一个重要组成部分。资本主义生产方式在促进人的普遍流动和发展人的能力的同时，又使人成为市场体系的附属物。马克思正是出于对人和人类劳动的深切关怀，在阐述经济社会发展时一再强调：这一历史过程就是要实现“人的解放”，实现人的个性的全面发展。