从治理组织选择理论的角度解读自愿连锁

作为连锁经营的三大组织形态之一的自愿连锁在我国的发展步伐正在加快,中小零售企业将自愿连锁作为应对实力强大的外资零售巨头和突飞猛进的本土大型连锁企业的主要途径。威廉姆森的组织形态选择理论对自愿连锁进行了深入分析,可为我国中小连锁企业发展自愿连锁提供思路与策略选择。     

What Drives the Selection of Political Information on Google? Tension Between Ideal Democracy and the Influence of Ranking

The emergence of the Internet has altered how individuals obtain information—this also applies to political information. Search engines have taken over the role of political information gatekeepers, thus becoming key players in democracy. However, surprisingly little is known about the role of search engines in the political information process, that is, whether they represent an opportunity or a threat to democracy. Through an online survey experiment, which mimicked a Google web interface, this study examines how Swiss citizens select political information on a political news event from a Google search results page. Although citizens consider textual cues from snippets, they are more likely to select sources of information from the top of a Google results page, regardless of the source. We discuss these findings from a democratic theory perspective.     

When Killers Become Victims: Diversionary War,Human Rights,and Strategic Target Selection

The diversionary theory largely focuses on the incentives leaders have to use force. However, little attention has been given to the characteristics that make for a good target. We argue that US presidents choose targets that repress human rights since they are the easiest to sell to international and domestic audiences. By targeting repressive states US presidents can justify their use of force by cloaking their motivation in the language of human rights, responding to calls for intervention, pointing to the failure of international actors and institutions to resolve these problems, and building upon emerging norms that allow for intervention in repressive states. Updating US Use of Force data, we empirically test and find support for our hypothesis that presidents target human rights abusers when they face trouble at home. This paper contributes to target selection process by offering a complete theory of diversionary conflict accounting for cost/benefit calculation of presidents. Moreover, we believe that our findings reveal human rights practices’ role in international conflict, as well.     

News Media Use and Political Engagement Among Adolescents: An Analysis of Virtuous Circles Using Panel Data

This study analyzes reinforcing spirals between news media use and two manifestations of political engagement: political interest and participation intention. Drawing on a three-wave panel study among adolescents, we test the Virtuous Circle Thesis (VCT) in both an online and an offline setting, by distinguishing between selection effects and media effects as key ingredients of the VCT. Overall, the findings lend mixed support to the general argument. While the relationship between specific forms of news media use and political interest appears to be driven primarily by selection effects, reciprocal relations were found mainly between television news and participation intention. The VCT assumption of reciprocal influences was supported most clearly when adolescents’ total news media use was considered. Taken together, virtuous circles appeared to operate rather similarly online and offline.     

胡锦涛对社会公平正义的实现路径选择

胡锦涛同志的社会公平正义思想不是从观念到观念,而是基于现实社会经济基础上的一系列切实可行的政策措施,有着明确的现实路径。促进发展、建设和创新制度、树立公正理念、营造社会环境、改善党的领导是胡锦涛同志社会公平正义的实现路径。     

The effects of base rate and cutoff point choice on commonly used measures of association and accuracy in recidivism research

Several measures of association and accuracy commonly used in the recidivism literature are examined for their sensitivity to variations in the proportion observed to recidivate (the base rate) and in the proportion selected for classification as recidivists (selection ratio). Logistic regression models are employed on a sample of 11,749 convicted offenders to generate predicted probabilities of four recidivism criteria varying in base rates from 0.06 to 0.48. Cutoff point selections from 0.1 to 0.9 show the effects of cutoff point changes on the following commonly used measures of association and accuracy: RIOC (relative improvement over chance), MCR (mean cost rating), Φ, γ, PRE (proportion reduction in error), and percentage correct. While all these statistics vary across base rate and cutoff points, some vary more than others: RIOC varies across cutoff points more than MCR, MCR more than Φ, and Φ more than γ. Researchers comparing such statistics across studies need be wary of the dangers of ignoring such variation.     

“刑官”的知识结构解析——当代中国法律人职业化的历史透视(二)

知识在职业群体的界定中具有特别重要的意义 ,对特定群体的知识结构的分析 ,不仅可以帮助我们认识群体生活于其间的社会和制度的特性 ,也可以使我们深刻的理解群体的功能和作用。这是研究中国古代刑官知识结构和籍此探索刑官文化在现代延传的一般性前提。探寻刑官的知识结构 ,可以从三个角度出发 :其一是刑官任官前的一般知识储备 ,这可以从科举考试的科目及内容出发 ;其二是刑官行使职权所需要的专业性知识 ,这可以从国家对各级刑官制度化的选任和考课的基本要求来分析 ;其三是刑官总体的知识取向 ,这可以从国家和刑官本人如何消解司法风险来分析。研究结果提醒我们 ,强调法律人的道德责任以及加大司法风险的程度 ,并不必然有利于职业群体的形成 ,甚至可能成为我们从知识的专门性出发所进行的专业化努力的障碍。     

TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY PINK OR BLUE: HOW SEX SELECTION TECHNOLOGY FACILITATES GENDERCIDE AND WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT

In the midst of a genetic revolution in medicine, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has become a well‐established technique to help infertile women achieve pregnancy. But many women are now turning to ART not just to circumvent infertility, but consciously to shape their families by determining the sex of their children. Many patriarchal cultures have a gender preference for males and to date have used technological advances in reproductive medicine to predetermine the sex of the child being born. Women have sought sex‐selective abortions, where the pregnancy was being terminated solely on the basis of the sex of the unborn fetus. The combination of ART advances and gender preference has led to the disappearance of at least 100 million girls from the world's population leading to a mass gendercide. This article examines the societal impact of unbalanced gender ratios and the need to regulate sex selection to avoid nations of bachelors.     

运用分子生物学方法鉴定生物检材种属的研究进展

生物检材的种属鉴定在法医、海关和食品行业中均有较多应用。当前,用于鉴定种属的分子生物学方法发展迅猛。本文结合文献,从用于种属鉴定的目的基因及筛选标准、主要分子生物学方法、鉴定存在的主要问题等方面进行综述,并结合Real-time PCR和SNP技术对未来种属鉴定的发展方向进行了预测。     

商事账簿制度研究

商事账簿制度是现代商法中的重要制度 ,是商法贯彻商事事务公开性的重要手段 ,对于商人、商人的债权人以及社会公众意义重大。有必要对商事账簿的功能、商事账簿制度的历史、商事账簿的种类以及商事账簿的制作、保存和提交等制度作出全面和系统的分析。