Regulation lite: The rise of emissions trading

Emissions trading is the governmentally promoted hope for a sustainable world. In different contexts, trading regimes display varying potential – both in absolute terms and in comparison with other regulatory instruments. Emissions trading, however, is a device that raises urgent issues regarding its objectives, cost‐effectiveness, fairness, transparency, and legitimacy. Its use places emphasis on its “acceptability” and the virtues of regulation that is “lite” because it is non‐threatening to the most powerful interests. Emissions trading is resonant with assumptions that are highly contentious – notably that it is acceptable because it involves no losers, or because, in desperate global circumstances, we have no choice but to use it. There is a need to confront the difficult issues presented by emissions trading and to face the challenges of combining “market” and “democratic” systems of legitimization. It is also necessary to avoid taking refuge in all too comfortable beliefs in cumulative checks and balances.     

国内外碳足迹研究进展述评

在全球气候变化的宏观语境下,“碳足迹”成为公共生活领域中的一个热门术语.然而,学术界对碳足迹的概念内涵、测算方法、衡量单位及适用范围等的理解尚未形成统一意见.本文首先对国内外学术界关于碳足迹的概念内涵进行梳理和述评,从终端消费和全生命周期两个方面界定碳足迹,以此与“生态足迹”、“碳排放”等术语相区别;其次,从产品、家庭、企业及类似组织、城市和区域、国家和地区等不同尺度对碳足迹的研究进行综述,比较了碳足迹测度的不同方法和标准,发现“自下而上”的生命周期评价和“自上而下”的投入产出分析方法适用于不同的研究尺度;最后,对进一步的研究方向做了展望,指出应尽快明确碳足迹的概念内涵,避免泛化和滥用,并尝试构建一种综合性的碳足迹测度方法.     

碳贸易机制与WTO规则的议题交叉与体系协调

京都碳贸易机制的发展越发显现出与世贸组织涵盖协定的议题交叉。界定碳信用单位的交易属于"货物"抑或"服务"贸易,可以明确其不属于GATT管辖的产品范畴。作为服务贸易的碳贸易机制与GATS的原则规则存在着广泛的议题交叉,需要择机将碳贸易机制纳入世贸组织贸易与环境议程,促使气候与贸易的国际法规则的体系协调。     

土地利用规划的碳排放评价与调控——以山西省宁武县为例

为了研究不同土地利用方式的碳排放评价,特以山西宁武县为例进行考察,结果表明：宁武县的土地利用方式是低碳型的,林地对其低碳土地利用方式的形成贡献最大,降低建设用地能耗是宁武县实现低碳土地利用方式的重要途径。宁武县的模式可以为其他县土地利用和经济社会的发展提供参考。     

Social,environmental and economic sustainability of Kazakhstan: a long-term perspective

This paper explores the evolution of Kazakhstan's development through an analysis of population trends, infant mortality, air emissions, water management, oil production, income, cost of living and average salary. The longitudinal data analysis demonstrates that the development of Kazakhstan during the Soviet period was far from sustainable in terms of uncontrolled environmental pollution. Time-series analysis illustrates that the 1990s transition to the market economy temporarily eased environmental degradation but also brought about initial socio-economic disarray and decline in living standards. Further support for rural areas and economic diversification is needed to move away from Kazakhstan's heavy reliance on mineral resource extraction to a more sustainable path of development.     

几种不同胶带粘面上潜在手印显现方法的比较研究

本文以胶带粘面上指纹显现的基本原理为基础,以胶带客体性质为路线,通过对常用的胶带上潜在手印显现方法,包括碳素墨水显现法、“502”胶显现法、粘性表面指纹显现剂法、紫外灯下观察等各种方法的应用效果进行了测定,得出了不同种类胶带客体上的潜在手印的最佳显现工艺,希望对公安实践工作带来帮助。     

How Reliable are Parenchymal Tissues for the Evaluation of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning? A Pilot Study

Dealing with burnt bodies, the forensic pathologist must first of all answer the question whether the victim was alive at the moment of the fire. This study aims at clarifying whether some human solid tissues may be reliably used for the forensic diagnosis of Co poisoning on burnt bodies providing no collectable blood during the autopsy. From 34 selected cases, both cardiac blood and parenchymal samples were collected to perform CO‐oxymeter, spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography tests: blood CO estimations (blood COHb% and blood[CO]) and parenchymal[CO] values have been compared with special focus on R values. The solid tissues having the best correlations with blood CO amount turned out to be the lung (R 0.84), the liver (R 0.83), the kidney (R 0.79), and the spleen (R 0.92).     

Research of China＇s Development Dilemma and Countermeasure of CDM Project in ＂Post-- Kyoto Era＂

＂后京都时代＂我国CDM市场可谓机遇与挑战并存。主要存在项目类型分布不合理、最终签发成功率低、融资渠道单一、缺乏科学合理的碳贸易体系等问题,因此政府相关部门应推出鼓励政策引导CDM项目协调发展;培育咨询机构、提高项目申报通过率;加快我国＂碳金融＂建设与改革,为CDM项目提供更多融资渠道选择;构建科学合理的碳贸易体系,以促进我国节能减排工作和CDM市场科学、健康、持续发展。     

低碳消费的实现途径——基于文化学视角的分析

低碳消费是当今人类在面对环境危机时的主动选择,从文化学的视角看,低碳消费的实现是一个涵盖低碳消费观念、制度、器物三个层面的系统工程。     

一氧化碳（CO）中毒检测方法

作者查阅近20年国内外相关文献的基础上,对一氧化碳(CO)中毒的检验方法进行了全面的阐述,同时对每种方法的优缺点和适用条件作了比较,并对适用于我国国情的顶空气质联用法进行了改良.