国外低碳壁垒及我国应对的法律思考

20世纪末21世纪初,低碳壁垒逐渐登上历史舞台。低碳壁垒是以碳足迹、碳减排等方式对贸易产品设限而形成的新型隐性技术壁垒,包含碳关税、碳标签、碳补贴、碳标准、生态设计要求等限制或禁止贸易的法律、政策和措施。低碳壁垒可以通过以下两个方式构筑:一是通过国内低碳立法制约他国高碳产品的进口,二是在国际气候谈判中力争制定对自己有利的低碳贸易规则以保护本国市场免受冲击。本文分析了现行国际、国内与之相关的法律制度及其不足,并从产业政策、国内外立法以及行政执法和司法等方面提出了若干建议。     

低碳壁垒对我国出口贸易的实质影响与应对思考

低碳关税是发达国家借保护环境之名而发明的新词语,早在哥本哈根气候大会召开之前就有两个国家对此表现出浓厚的兴趣,并极有可能成为阻碍我国产品出口的又一道新绿色贸易壁垒。与此前的绿色壁垒相比,低碳关税的打击力度更大,波及范围更广。因此,研究低碳关税,有针对性地采取预防措施,做好应对诉讼准备不仅必要而且具有重大意义。     

Assessing the role of regulatory quality,favouritism, administrative requirement and licencing restriction in curtailing carbon emissions

The urgent need to achieve the Paris Agreement has compelled countries to set mitigation targets to curtail carbon emissions. Notwithstanding, stakeholders' effort to implement emission-reduction policies is often constrained by institutional challenges. This study provides new evidence about the dynamic relationship between institutional quality and carbon emissions in 63 industrialised economies. Using a reduced-form energy emission model and the system GMM technique, we exploit four institutional quality measures—favouritism, administrative requirement, licencing restriction and regulatory quality—and analyse their impact on carbon emissions. The results show that institutions play a fundamental role in mitigating carbon emissions. However, the abatement effect depends on the regulatory quality, the extent of favouritism, licencing restrictions and administrative requirements. Our findings reveal that stringent regulations such as licencing restrictions reduce carbon emissions in the short and long run. Administrative requirement such as emission reporting inhibits carbon emission in the short and long run, whereas favouritism worsens it. The results are robust to alternative model specifications. The findings from this study highlight the need for policymakers to pay close attention to favouritism, as it tends to reduce the effectiveness of emission policy regulations. Additionally, we argue for the need for stringent administrative requirements given its critical role in internalising carbon emission intensity in industrialised economies.     

美国气候战略及中美气候合作北大核心

当前全球气候危机加速演进,气候变化与国际战略深度融合,全球气候治理进入大变局和秩序重塑的关键时期。美国拜登政府重启气候新议程,将气候变化议题提升至美国国家安全与外交政策的中心地位,其战略目标是在全球气候权力重组、气候安全体系重构、气候治理秩序重塑中争夺主导权,拜登政府的气候战略框架已基本成型。统筹应对美国气候战略竞争风险和深入推进COP26后中美气候外交,关系到国际安全体系与全球气候治理新秩序的构建。中美唯有良性互动、拓展合作空间才能维护国际安全及人类在21世纪的可持续发展。