司法独立和法官职业化

本文从现代法治的核心目标“法律至上”地位和“以权制权”的建立入手,指出司法独立的重要性,并进一步阐释了司法独立的实现有赖于法官职业化的实现,进而概括了法官职业化的内容:法官的技能、法官的职业伦理,法官的自主性与自治性,法官的任职资格等及其与司法独立的关系,并从制度建构的角度对中国的法官职业化提出了一些建议。     

对英法两国青年创业模式的比较和分析

英法两国都把扶持青年创业作为解决青年就业问题的长效办法,制定、实施了一系列相应的政策和项目,取得了一定的成果。特别是英国的青年创业计划项目和法国的青年挑战项目在扶助青年创业方面效果较好。由于两国的政治传统、经济文化背景不同,两种创业模式也存在不少差异。     

Slow Change at the Top: ‘Old Hands’ and ‘Accidental Executives’ in New South Wales Local Government

Scholars and practitioners alike have recognised that an increased role for women leaders in Australian local government would strengthen the sector, yet little research to date has examined the career paths of non‐elected officials. This article combines the gender in organisations literature with career theory to examine the career paths of 16 general managers (GMs) in New South Wales. We found that half the participants had linear career paths based entirely within local government and half had boundaryless careers originating outside the sector. This second cohort consisted overwhelmingly of women. Nevertheless, a high incidence of happenstance characterised both career types. Several participants saw themselves pitted against a gendered (i.e. male) group of ‘old hands’ who were resistant to change being driven by ‘accidental executives’, a high proportion of whom were women. The findings have implications for a sector attempting to attract and retain skilled staff, particularly women.     

Career politicians a dozen years after regionalisation of the Czech Republic (2000–13)

This study compares three groups of full-time politicians in the Czech Republic. Two of these – MPs and mayors – came into existence in the early 1990s immediately after the fall of the communist regime, and the third, here referred to as county full-time politicians, appeared only at the turn of the millennium. To investigate their profiles and careers, a database was created from a wide range of sources, such as election results, county council meeting reports, county and personal websites, media databases and similar. Analysis of the database showed that establishing a second tier of local government (counties) opened up career opportunities primarily for members of the main political parties who had ambitions to become full-time politicians but did not want to disengage from the local network on which their political capital often rested. Like other politicians, those in the counties are predominantly middle-aged men with higher education. Furthermore, the party selectorates prefer candidates with experience in other elected positions. However, the ‘professional’ political career frequently starts at the county level. So far, the most typical have been county politicians who hold paid positions for one or two election terms. Transitions from or to other levels of government are often discrete. With the exception of the entry of municipal professionals into county politics, these transitions involve a small circle of people. The most visible part of county politicians is formed of the county presidents and those related with national politics. Moreover, these people often serve as the regional officials of political parties and play an important role in the recruitment of parliamentary politicians. Therefore, the effect of the newly established regional political elite on party politics should be examined in more depth. It is argued that the ‘invisible majority’ of full-time county politicians deserves scientific interest too, because it can have a major influence on shaping the policies and specific features of each region.     

大学生的学习动机与职业动机对比研究

大学生的学习动机与职业动机相互影响、相互促进,共同对大学生的学业发展和个性形成起着重要作用.职业动机的形成阶段与学习动机的发展水平有着必然的联系,它们相互融合、互为条件、共同发展,其实质都是为了实现以培养高素质、专业化职业人才.高枝的教育教学应定位在创造可能的条件,组织高效的教育教学工作,帮助大学生提高学习成绩,更好地实现职业理想.     

Party animals,career changers and other pathways into parliament

Research on parliamentary careers has paid little attention to variations in pre-parliamentary career patterns and their value in explaining legislators’ parliamentary success. Using sequence and cluster analysis, this article identifies typical career tracks taken by Party Animals, Local Heroes, Late Bloomers, Land Legislators, High-Flyers and Career Changers based on a comprehensive dataset of German parliamentarians’ biographies (1998–2014). The analysis confirms the role of the party as the primary career facilitator before and within parliament. Nonetheless both Career Changers and High-Flyers climb the greasy pole all the way to the national parliament without much service to the party. The former type, however, suffers from a lack of networks and experience, which is reflected in the limited career success within parliament. This article demonstrates that the use of sequence analysis on career paths offers a promising approach in distinguishing and explaining the opportunities, choices and obstacles MPs face in parliament.     

职业生涯中断对女性雇员的影响——一个文献的综述

职业生涯中断对女性雇员的影响主要表现在中断后女性雇员较低的工资水平,较少的劳动力供给和较少的晋升机会,而对她们的工作满意度几乎没有影响.相关文献主要从人力资本理论、歧视理论和信号理论三个方面解释职业生涯中断对女性雇员产生影响的原因:一方面由于中断期间女性雇员已有人力资本贬值,并错过了中断期间对人力资本进行再投资的机会,使实际的工作能力下降;另一方面由于组织文化中推崇男性价值观,即认为男性特质代表高效的工作能力,而女性特质的则是低效低能低投入的信号,这种信号一旦被识别,不管实际工作绩效如何,雇员都得到较低的评价.     

Facebook CEO Charms Chinese Audiences

正ON October 23,a Chinese audience was astonished and delighted to hear Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg answer their questions in Mandarin.A video of the event,posted on Facebook and China’s Wechat,quickly became a hit on social media,     

The Adoption of State Climate Change Policies and Renewable Portfolio Standards: Regional Diffusion or Internal Determinants?

This paper draws upon policy innovation literature and quantitatively explains the adoption of state climate change policies, leading to a broader question—what makes states more likely to adopt policies that provide a global public good? First, existing empirical evidence relating to state climate change policy adoption is reviewed. Following this brief discussion, several analytic approaches are presented that test specific hypotheses derived from the internal determinants and regional diffusion models of policy adoption. Policy diffusion is tested as a function of the motivations, resources, and obstacles of policy change. Motivations for policy innovation include environmental conditions and demands of citizens. Resources include state financial and geographic resources, such as wind and solar potential. Obstacles include a state's reliance on carbon‐intensive industries such as coal and natural gas. The results show that internal factors, particularly citizens' demands, are stronger predictors of states' policies than are diffusion effects from neighboring states.     

Gamson's Law and voters’ perceptions of portfolio allocation

The assignment of ministerial portfolios to parties is one of the most contested and consequential processes in coalition politics. Accordingly, a great deal of scholarship has investigated how many portfolios different parties obtain in coalition negotiations as well as which parties are assigned which portfolios. However, to our knowledge, no one has ever examined how voters perceive the outcomes of this process – perceptions which must be fundamental to any assessment of policy responsibility in systems with coalition government. This article uses original survey data from four Western European countries to examine voter perceptions of the distribution of cabinet portfolios across parties. In addition to describing the extent to which voters know this distribution, the article also examines whether their perceptions are consistent with a number of different heuristics that voters might use to infer characteristics of the cabinet portfolio distribution. The results suggest that many voters use party role and size heuristics to infer the number of portfolios allocated to different parties as well as an ‘importance rule’, a ‘topical affinity rule’ and a ‘historical regularity rule’ to infer which parties hold which portfolios, but also that a significant number of voters have direct knowledge (not inferred using heuristics) of which parties hold which ministries.