Generation effects? Evolution of independence–unification views in Taiwan, 1996–2016

The landslide victory of the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan's 2016 presidential and legislative elections is often interpreted as a persistent swing in attitudes toward cross-strait relations and Taiwan independence. Popular as this interpretation may be, it still runs the risk of mistaking a short-term reaction to a lame duck president's policy performance for a long-term change in attitudes.This study analyzes the evolution of independence–unification (IU) views in the Taiwan population from 1996 to 2016. After reviewing the literature on political generations in Taiwan, I hypothesize that a long-term cohort succession replacing older prounification generations accounted for the evolution toward proindependence views. By pooling six independent face-to-face surveys into repeated cross-sectional data, this study applies a comprehensive multilevel cross-classified random-effect model of age–period–cohort analysis. Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation results confirm that, besides age and period effects, younger cohorts and the 1999 Taiwan-centered high school curriculum have had significant effects on the change in trends in IU views.     

双循环新发展格局的研究视角、逻辑主线和总体框架

加快构建双循环新发展格局是我国经济全球化战略转型的重大选择。内需主导型全球价值链可以作为我国构建新发展格局理论和实践研究的一种切入视角。构建双循环新发展格局是技术大变革之下全球价值链分工动态演变和深化的理论逻辑使然，也是改革开放以来经济发展规律自然演进的历史逻辑使然，更是进入新发展阶段的需求端、供给端和制度端发展条件变化的现实逻辑使然。构建双循环新发展格局的总体框架可以概括为：首先，基于内需市场构建国内价值链，形成国内大循环；其次，实现国内价值链与全球价值链深度对接，以国内大循环带动国际循环；最后，以国际循环促进国内循环，形成双循环相互促进的新发展格局。其中的政策实施重点在于，要坚持以推动高质量发展为主题，坚持以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，坚持系统观念，统筹发展和安全，加快建设现代化经济体系。     

Detection of microRNAs in DNA Extractions for Forensic Biological Source Identification

Molecular‐based approaches for biological source identification are of great interest in the forensic community because of a lack of sensitivity and specificity in current methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered due to their robust nature and tissue specificity; however, analysis requires a separate RNA extraction, requiring an additional step in the forensic analysis workflow. The purpose of this study was to evaluate miRNA detection in blood, semen, and saliva using DNA extraction methods commonly utilized for forensic casework. RT‐qPCR analysis revealed that the tested miRNAs were consistently detectable across most tested DNA extraction methods, but detection was significantly reduced compared to RNA extracts in some biological fluids. DNase treatment was not necessary to achieve miRNA‐specific results. A previously developed miRNA panel for forensic body fluid identification was evaluated using DNA extracts, and largely demonstrated concordance with results from samples deriving from RNA extracts of semen, blood, and saliva.     

CAFTA价值链演进与“南南竞争”价值链发展战略构架

"企业+产业+国家"是全球价值链基本的"三维"发展战略构架。随着中国—东盟自由贸易区(CAFTA)等"南南竞争型"价值链的演进与生成,以"南北互补型"价值链为研究载体的全球价值链"三维"发展战略构架面临不足,需要进一步拓展。本文认为,CAFTA 价值链演进背景下"南南竞争"价值链发展战略构架,由产业网络组织价值创造评价,企业价值链动力扩散的分解、重组与极化,以及国家区位战略引力培育三大部分组成。这一新战略构架能创新和落实作为国家战略层面的广西北部湾经济区的开放与开发战略选择。     

Mucosal Cell Isolation and Analysis from Cellular Mixtures of Three Contributors

In forensic genetic analyses, mixtures of various biological materials are common samples. Micromanipulation, which is performed based on differences in cellular morphology, is an effective method for the isolation of cells from mixtures. In this study, mucosal cell was isolated from somatic cellular mixtures (blood and saliva) based on micromanipulation and a low volume‐PCR (LV‐PCR) platform. One hundred and twenty‐six parallel LV‐PCR processes were performed using an Identifiler^® kit, with 107 reactions yielding single‐source DNA profiles. Among them, 54 full profiles (50%) and 37 partial profiles (13–15 loci) were obtained. Based on the above method, we obtained a single‐source DNA profile from a cigarette butt contaminated by two victims’ blood in a murder case. The generated genotype was used to query a DNA database, and a perfect match was found.     

Estimating Time Since Death from Postmortem Human Gut Microbial Communities

Postmortem succession of human‐associated microbial communities (“human microbiome”) has been suggested as a possible method for estimating postmortem interval (PMI) for forensic analyses. Here we evaluate human gut bacterial populations to determine quantifiable, time‐dependent changes postmortem. Gut microflora were repeatedly sampled from the proximal large intestine of 12 deceased human individuals as they decayed under environmental conditions. Three intestinal bacterial genera were quantified by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using group‐specific primers targeting 16S rRNA genes. Bacteroides and Lactobacillus relative abundances declined exponentially with increasing PMI at rates of N_t = 0.977e^?0.0144t (r² = 0.537, p < 0.001) and N_t = 0.019e^?0.0087t (r² = 0.396, p < 0.001), respectively, where N_t is relative abundance at time (t) in cumulative degree hours. Bifidobacterium relative abundances did not change significantly: N_t = 0.003e^?0.002t (r² = 0.033, p = 0.284). Therefore, Bacteroides and Lactobacillus abundances could be used as quantitative indicators of PMI.     

Evaluation of Direct PCR Amplification Using Various Swabs and Washing Reagents

DNA profiles were generated via direct amplification from blood and saliva samples deposited on various types of swab substrates. Each of the six non-FTA substrates used in this research was punched with a Harris 1.2 mm puncher. After 0.1 μL of blood or 0.5 μL saliva, samples were deposited on each of these punches, samples were pretreated with one of four buffers and washing reagents. Amplification was performed using direct and nondirect autosomal and Y-STR kits. Autosomal and Y-STR profiles were successfully generated from most of these substrates when pretreated with buffer or washing reagents. Concordant profiles were obtained within and between the six substrates, the six amplification kits, and all four reagents. The direct amplification of substrates which do not contain lysing agent would be beneficial to the forensic community as the procedure can be used on evidence samples commonly found at crime scenes.     

旅游专业链式学生教育管理初探

链式管理是对存在于管理链上的诸多环节要素进行有序管理，使之形成相互联系、相互监督、相互激励的运行机制。高校旅游专业的培养目标是实现学生的初步职业化，在旅游专业学生教育管理中实施链式管理方式，尊重了学生心理成长特点，符合循序渐进的职业化培养规律。