中国近、现代侦查教育职业化考略

早在5000多年前的中国古代就出现了法律的萌芽,随着阶级的分化和国家的形成产生了犯罪和侦查。在中国古代社会落后的生产力和司法制度下,古代侦查历史登上了世界的高峰,但是由于闭关锁国而逐渐走向发展缓慢而最终衰败的曲折发展道路。在长期发展的历史过程中侦查教育职业化逐渐形成了三个特点:1.仵作成为法医学的践行者和传播状态。2.近代侦查教育向职业化方向发展。3.侦查教育被纳入现代职业教育之中。     

浅谈改革开放30年经济刑法观念的变革

改革开放30年来，我国的经济体制发生了深刻的变革，社会主义市场经济体制逐步建立和完善，刑法观念也发生了一系列的内在变革：从政治功能观到经济功能观；从对经济犯罪的过度介入到适度调整；从对公有制经济的重点保护到对非公经济的平等保护；从罪刑心定到罪刑法定；从把刑法视为“刀’把子”偏重于打击犯罪到打击犯罪与人权保障并重；从对经济犯罪的重刑主义到宽严适度等等。刑法观念的变革必将进一步促进刑事立法的不断完善，为社会主义市场经济的健康发展提供有力的保障。     

Chemical trace XRF analysis to detect sharp force trauma in fresh and burned bone

Forensic anthropologists may not always be able to differentiate heat-induced fractures from fractures with other aetiologies, namely sharp force traumas, with clear nefarious impact on medico-legal conclusions. The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate if blade chemical traces are transferred to defleshed bone tissue and if they remain there after a burning event. This was accomplished by prompting sharp force traumas in 20 macerated fresh pig ribs with five different instruments, namely a stainless steel knife, an artisanal knife and a ceramic kitchen knife, a small axe and a large axe. Another pig rib was used as control, not being subjected to any trauma. All instruments were probed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to establish the composition of each blade. Bone samples, both pre-burned and post-burned (at 500 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C), were then probed by XRF. All sharp force instruments left detectable chemical traces on pre-burned bone, although not in all samples. Furthermore, traces were still detected after experimental burning in most cases. Potentially, XRF can provide relevant information about the aetiology of fractures in burned and unburned bones, although the effect of soft tissues and diagenesis must still be investigated.     

Time burnt away: The impact of heat-induced changes on skeletal age-at-death diagnostic features

This paper investigates the established notion that bone calcination has a major impact on age estimation while low-intensity burns have a mere negligible impact. Few systematic researches have been carried out so far about this topic so the true impact of heat-induced changes on diagnostic age features is mostly unknown.The agreement between pre-burning and post-burning observations of age features was investigated on 51 human skeletons (22 males and 29 females with ages-at-death ranging from 61 to 93 years old) subjected to experimental burns. These skeletons belong to the 21st Century Identified Skeletal Collection housed at the Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology of the Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal. The Suchey-Brooks method based on the pubic symphysis and the method developed on the auricular surface by Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002) were scrutinized.The Suchey-Brooks method provided better agreement between pre- and post-burn observations than the method from Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002). However, it became clear that heat-induced changes affected both methods regardless of heat intensity since both calcined bones and bones burnt at lower intensities often showed less than perfect agreement. Therefore, this research demonstrates that the analysis of age-at-death can be impaired in burnt bones, even those not subjected to calcination, with clear impact for forensic and archaeological investigations.     

莆田市党委常委担任统战部长情况的调查报告

莆田市将县区统战部长由常委担任后,统战工作出现新变化,地位提高了,力度加大了,协调容易了,职能落实了,队伍加强了,工作环境和条件改善了。     

早期心肌挫伤超微结构变化的实验研究

应用机械式弹性拉力打击器以10.0米／秒速度冲击犬胸骨心前区，引起心肌挫伤。分别对伤后2～5min、30～60min、3h及5h心肌挫伤区超微结构变化进行观察。结果显示：（1）伤后2～5min即见严重的心肌超微结构损害，如肌原纤维撕裂、扭曲变形，肌节过度收缩或I带增宽Z线弯曲、线粒体破裂，部分嵴不清、间质出血并可见游离的线粒体。伤后30～60分钟挫伤心肌肌原纤维溶解、碎裂，线粒体破裂伴嵴消失。伤后3及5h，挫伤区坏死明显，坏死物与红细胞碎片混杂一起，结构不能辨认。（2）同一心脏可有多部位损伤，且损伤程度不均一。     

论信用卡格式合同不公平条款的法律规制

对信用卡格式合同中的条件变更信息披露之排除条款、冒用风险分配条款和抗辩切断条款这三种不公平条款进行法律规制 ,是控制发卡机构的优势滥用 ,维护持卡人的合法权益 ,促进信用卡交易乃至现代信用经济发展的必要举措。我国法律应借鉴外国和我国台湾地区的立法 ,提高立法层次 ,开展小额电子资金划拨的专门立法 ,开展消费信用的专门立法 ,颁布信用卡格式合同范本 ,以保护持卡人的条件变更知情权 ,合理分配冒用风险 ,并在一定程度上保护持卡人的抗辩权     

改革开放三十年中国国家形象的变迁

自1978年改革开放至今,中国的国家形象发生了深刻的变化,总体表现为由渐进地融入国际体系发展为承担更多的国际责任,由"和平发展"战略的确立深化为"和谐世界"理念的提出,以传统的发展观演进为全面协调可持续的科学发展现.     

浅谈对社会主义社会劳动的研究与认识

随着社会主义经济的发展，社会主义社会劳动的内容和形式发生了重大变化，社会主义社会劳劝者和建设者的构成也发生了显著变化。我们党必须随着这些变化，及时调整党的政策，把工人、农民、知识分子、军人、干部和承认党的纲领和章程、自觉为党的路线和纲领而奋斗、经过长期考验、符合党员条件的社会其他方面的优秀分子吸收到党内来，才能不断巩固和加强党的执政地位。     

The Role of UNEP and UNDP in Multilateral Environmental Agreements

This study examines the role of the UN’s programmes for environment and development (UNEP and UNDP) in the genesis and implementation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). This is set in the wider context of the changing dominant focus of the international agenda, from ‘environment’ at the Stockholm Conference in 1972, to ‘environment and development’ at Rio in 1992, and ‚sustainable development’ in Johannesburg in 2002. UNDP is a development organisation strongly rooted in its country office network. Its role is becoming increasingly normative however, particularly since 2002 when UNDP opted to root most of its activities on the Millennium Development Goals. UNEP, as an environmental organisation has been successful at catalysing MEAs at the global and regional level; but without a significant increase in its budget over 30 years, its capacity has been spread very thinly. Many of the institutional arrangements for MEAs have effectively become independent of UNEP resulting in a very loosely and sometimes poorly coordinated network. Two case studies are used to illustrate the current institutional arrangements: UNEP’s Regional Seas Conventions and Protocols, and the Convention for Biological Diversity. These illustrate the fragmentation of current institutions, the need for strengthened technical and scientific support, the importance of addressing problems at their root causes and the need to increase the devolution of global governance to the regional level. Satisfying the identified needs requires actions within the remit of both UNEP and UNDP. It is argued that current institutional arrangements have not kept pace with the requirements of evolving policy. As part of a reform process, one option may be to merge the two programmes into a single structure that conserves and strengthens vital technical functions but enables a balanced and integrated approach to sustainable development.