邻避效应:公益性项目的补偿机制与公民参与

在公益性项目建设与运营中所出现的邻避效应,是追求公共利益最大化和政策成本最小化的政府在民主行政的条件下不可回避的决策困境。本文分析了邻避效应的经济性补偿和社会心理性补偿的关系,根据集体行动理论和邻避效应的特征,提出审慎运用公民参与来实现公益性项目外部效应的内部化。在中国国情条件下,公民参与的制度选择倾向采取法团主义的模式,文章结合上海市实践进行了实证分析。     

转型时期司法吸纳公民参与的价值及其改进

以河南、陕西法院为代表的一些地方法院为适应司法改革的需要,创新司法审判模式,吸纳公民参与司法,接连引发法学理论界和实务界的阵阵争议。司法职业化是实现司法独立的有效保障,理所当然应当是司法审判模式创新的主导方向。但司法职业化固有的一些弊端阻碍司法改革进程也不容忽视,公民对司法审判的有序参与则正好可以起到弥补作用。因此,改进公民参与模式,实现公民参与与司法职业化的辩证统一,应当成为中国司法审判模式创新乃至整个司法改革取得成功的有效路径选择。     

治安管理处罚的谦抑性探析

刑罚中应用比较普遍的谦抑性原则在行政处罚领域却鲜有提及,这对控制同样是我国对公民权惩处方式的行政处罚而言是不足的。而在与刑罚衔接最为密切的行政处罚种类治安管理处罚中,其调整对象、指导理念和行为要求方面却都有谦抑性的要求和体现。研究治安管理处罚的谦抑性,首先表现为治安管理处罚权的设定和存在必须谦抑,其次是治安管理处罚权的行使和调处过程要体现谦抑。     

社会空间的拓展与构建和谐社会

社会空间的拓展是社会历史自然进步的结果,也是中国公民社会形成的前提条件,充分发挥社会空间的作用是构建和谐社会的必需。     

农民工身份认同及其影响因素分析—以河南省郑州市为例

当前有相当一部分农民工处于身份认同模糊的状态,并且大部分农民工倾向于认同农民这一制度性身份。经SPSS统计软件回归分析后发现,务农时间、进城期望、进城时间、市民朋友数量、社会交往情况、生活满意度、相对剥夺感、农村传统生活方式认同度、未来打算这几个变量显著地影响着农民工的身份认同状况。     

Participatory Initiatives and Political Representation: The Case of Local Councillors in Sweden

The health of political parties and the institutions of representative democracy have been extensively questioned during the last decade due to evidence of a widespread decline in voting turnout, political trust, and party membership as well as identification. An often-proposed, but also often-questioned, strategy to strengthen representative democracy is for political institutions to offer alternative forms of political participation through so-called participatory initiatives. The literature suggests that participatory initiatives will have little impact on representative democracy if no adaptation among political representatives is apparent. This paper explores the consistency between participatory initiatives in Swedish municipalities and the attitudes, practices and role-taking of local councillors, comparing pioneer municipalities where extensive numbers of participatory initatives have been executed vis-à-vis hesitator municipalities where few initiatives have been implemented. The study indicates that local participatory initiatives may stimulate political representation by creating new channels for citizen input and communication between citizens and representatives that are supported by local councillors in the pioneer municipalities. However, the core roles of parties and councillors in representative democracy appear not to be challenged by these initiatives, being similar in both groups of municipalities. The article is concluded by a discussion of the implications of these results for the function of participatory initiatives in local democracy.     

Citizens’ Initiatives: How Local Governments Fill their Facilitative Role

In the context of drastic cutbacks many Dutch municipalities consider citizens’ initiatives (CIs) as an attractive alternative for municipal policies aimed at improving the livability and safety in neighbourhoods, simultaneously building responsible citizenship. In this paper we combine different theoretical perspectives to analyse the institutional settings in which CIs are being realised, and how municipalities try to facilitate such initiatives. Municipalities can do this by either trying to structure the relevant networks or by various forms of process management. This analysis sheds light on how municipalities use a variety of instruments to mobilise citizens to participate in CIs. In using such instruments they can influence various factors (like motivations, personal resources, social capital and expected responsiveness; cf. Lowndes et al.’s CLEAR model) that increase the likelihood of civic engagement.     

法治中国与公民培育

现代法治之成功依赖公民之政治成熟,而适格公民之造就亦是法治之结果。中国法治进程中出现的一些问题与公民直接相关,例如公民普遍违法,公民对违法行为普遍保持沉默,公民对立法与法律实施影响较弱等等。而法治中国之推进离不开适格公民之参与。因此,亟需对公民进行培育,具体方案包括两个方面内容：一是在中小学阶段加强公民教育以提升其素质,二是有序扩大公民政治参与以提高公民政治实践能力。     

网络环境中公民参与的时代价值及路径选择

以互联网为核心的信息网络技术革命更加凸显了公民参与的时代价值,同时也给公民参与带来了许多困境。全面分析网络环境中公民参与的尴尬局面,寻求摆脱这些困境的路径选择,对于引导中国公民理性地进行参与活动,促进中国公民参与的有序化发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Citizen Participation Models in the Local Government

This research pretends to propose and test a new explanatory model relating to citizen participation, which will help us to implement participatory public policies in the local government scheme, comparing with the models of citizen participation derivatives of structural theories and choice theories. The author refers to the case of Spain and he tests five hypotheses derived from these theories, using structural equations. This study used an open and cross-sectional design. He uses ＂Citizenship, Participation and Democracy Survey＂ from Sociological Research Center of Spain. The model proposed in this study has taken into account both structural variables from the macro context of participation （political opportunity structure） and individual variables （individual resources）, thus considering that the most recent literature on citizen participation tells us that it is necessary to overcome the reductionist perspectives limited to individual factors. Based on the above, we saw the importance of structural variables and individual variables for the participation of people. In line with that, we find that a citizen is involved in participatory policy when they have individual resources such as education, interest in politics, non-political disaffection, civic social norms, personal effectiveness, and community pride. Another find from this research, according to the empirical results, is that structural variables are predictive of citizen participation： resources, mobilization, membership of deprived group, economic deprivation, interpersonal trust, membership of associations, ties to the local community, and membership of an informal network.