制度何以为凭?--兼评桑德尔《自由主义与正义的局限》

桑德尔在《自由主义与正义的局限》一书中对罗尔斯正义理论中道德主体的批判具有一个更深层次的目的即批判自由主义制度所赖以为凭的主体基础。通过这种批判,桑德尔为其所提倡的交互性主体以及建构在这种主体基础上的共和制度提供了论证。但是,无论是交互性主体还是共和制度的建构,以哈耶克的视角来看,都是唯理主义建构论的体现。     

现代宪法的理论基础:自由主义抑或共和主义?

近代以来西方国家的宪法强调自由主义,以公民个人自由、权利的保障为核心来型塑各种制度。然而在现代社会,以自由主义为基础的宪法面临着困境,其需要从共和主义理论中汲取营养;中国宪法强调共和主义,需要用自由主义的核心价值弥补其不足。现代宪法的理论基础应该是自由主义与共和主义的有机结合。     

Is governance democratic?

This paper argues that governance can engender undemocratic inequality, exclusion and populism. It does so by analysing the concept of governance, and unearthing three theoretical justifications for it: one libertarian, one radical and one republican. These justifications are in turn refuted by showing how they respectively undermine a process-view of democracy, neglect structural avenues for accountability and encourage elites to wield power.     

Republican justice

I raise three objections to Philip Pettit's republican account of justice: (a) that it fails to account adequately for the role of certain values such as substantive fairness; (b) that it represents an uncomfortable hybrid of egalitarianism and sufficientarianism; and (c) that it fails Pettit’s own ‘eyeball test’. I then conclude in a more constructive vein, speculating about the kind of account of justice it is supposed to be and suggesting that, construed a certain way, it may have resources for answering the three objections.     

猪瘟野毒E2基因同源性比较

以人工感染发病猪的脾为材料提取总RNA ,根据已报道的猪瘟病毒基因组序列 ,设计合成了 2对引物 ,以总RNA为模板 ,利用反转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT PCR)、套组聚合酶链式反应(nPCR)及测序技术 ,对流行于我国甘肃省、陕西省、宁夏和广西自治区的 5株野毒株的主要外膜糖蛋白E2基因的核苷酸序列进行了测定 ,用DNAstar软件比较分析了 5株野毒之间及其与猪瘟兔化弱毒株 (C ST株 )E2基因的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性。结果发现 ,5株野毒与C ST株核苷酸序列的同源性为 81.7%～ 83.1% ,氨基酸同源性为 87.3%～ 88.6 % ,表明它们之间存在较大的差异 ;但 5株野毒之间核苷酸序列的同源性高达 98.8%～ 99.3% ,氨基酸同源性为96 .6 %～ 99.2 % ,表明它们之间的差异较小     

西方古典人文精神的两个基本问题

苏格拉底、柏拉图提出“人是什么?”奥古斯丁提出“我是谁?”这是西方古典人文精神的两个基本问题。古希腊人对“人是什么”问题的回答把理性提到至高无上的地位。奥古斯丁所问“我是谁?”使人脱离了自然秩序,把自己放在上帝面前。人为自己建立了一种新的关系,即人与上帝的关系。这种关系是爱的关系,爱即信。中世纪基督教对于“我是谁”的回答,把信仰提到了首位。     

“Us” and “Them”: Ulster Loyalist Perspectives on the IRA and Irish Republicanism

This article draws on data from one-to-one interviews with members and former members of the Ulster Volunteer Force, Ulster Defence Association, Red Hand Commando, Ulster Political Research Group, and the Progressive Unionist Party to explore the dynamic and fluid perceptions of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Sinn Féin among Ulster loyalists. The article will explore how attitudes and perceptions are influenced by the shifting political landscape in Northern Ireland as Ulster loyalists come to terms with the new realities created by the peace process, security normalization, decommissioning, and the rise in the threat of dissident republican violence. The article will also demonstrate that these perceptions are not purely antagonistic and based on the creation of negative, stereotypical “enemy images” fuelled by decades of conflict, but pragmatic, bound to societal and local events, and influenced by intragroup attitudes and divisions, in addition to the expected conflictual ingroup vs. outgroup relationships. Finally, the article will explore how loyalists employ republicanism and the transformation of the Provisional IRA in particular, as a mirror or benchmark to reflect on their own progress since 1994.     

Reloading the Armalite? Victims and Targets of Violent Dissident Irish Republicanism, 2007–2015

The centenary of the 1916 Rising marks a time of peaceful commemoration, across the island of Ireland. However, several violent dissident republican groups wish to seize it as an opportunity to re-organise in an attempt to bolster and legitimise their sustained paramilitary campaign. This study seeks to provide a greater understanding of how this paramilitary activity has manifested from 2007 to mid-2015. We do this by assessing target selection, through analysis of the Violent Dissident Republican (VDR) events database. The data suggest that civilian targets are the most regularly attacked. However, when exclusively analysing targets of detonated explosives, the data show that police, security personnel, and their infrastructure are more consistently targeted. The target selected can and does have an effect on attack method. These findings can both assist in protecting the potential targets of VDR attacks and contribute to the development of a strong nationalised, and localised, counter VDR narrative.     

五种重要猪病病毒基因芯片探针的建立及其应用

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病痛毒(PRV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)的特异cDNA片段作为探针点制于氨基修饰的玻片上,以这5种细胞毒的核酸作为模板,进行不对称PCR扩增,制备靶物,经绿色荧光染料Cy3标记后,分别与cDNA微阵列的芯片探针进行杂交,杂交信号经Genepix 4000A扫描仪扫描.结果显示,该芯片探针可以特异地与Cy3标记的这5种靶物结合.用该基因芯片对100份现地采集的猪全血样品进行检测,检出PRRSV阳性样品26份,PCV-2阳性样品47份,PRRSV和PCV-2混合感染阳性样品17份,PPV阳性样品5份,PRV阳性样品2份,CSFV阳性样品20份.表明,本试验研制的cDNA芯片探针可以特异地检测这5种猪病病毒,具有良好的诊断应用前景.     

Arts Entrepreneurship in China: Exploring the Professional Career Development Model for Chinese Emerging Western Classical Musicians

Artists’ career management has become an urgent topic in the scholarship of arts administration and the creative economy in many Western countries. Although Chinese creative and cultural industries have also experienced significant attention and growth, the worklife experiences of Chinese cultural workers are rarely discussed in the international academic literature. Addressing that gap, this study investigates artistic careers and professional development of a small sample of emerging Western classical musicians in a Chinese second-tier city. We found similar patterns in career portfolios and strategies of career entrepreneurship between Western and Chinese musicians, although differing career opportunities and explicit career strategies seem related to local context.