Fordism: a review essay

ABSTRACT

Fordism is a central concept in American labour history. This essay, the first survey of the range of historiographical and sociological approaches deployed to understand Fordism, suggests that Fordism and Americanism are inseparably intertwined. Previous scholarship has emphasised that the technological and managerial efficiency of Fordist practice were a hallmark of twentieth-century Americanism. Historians of labour have demonstrated that these aspects manifested as a relentless system of control in the workplace that paradoxically helped to unify worker resistance. Historians of capitalism have tended to used Fordism to refer to an ethos underpinning mid-twentieth-century capitalist development marked by a balance between mass production and mass consumption. They identify increased social provisions and class compromise between labour and management as features that made Fordism attractive to states rebuilding their economies following the Second World War. New transnational histories of Fordism have begun to bridge the gap between these two main interpretations to show how Fordist practice and ethos were exported together internationally as part of an ideological project to modernise nations in America’s image. This essay concludes by assessing the usefulness of Fordism to historians and suggesting avenues for future research.     

社会主义是劳动者个人主义的否定与实现

在资本主义社会里存在着资本所有的个人主义与雇佣劳动的三个主义,二都是对早期的,抽象的个人主义的否定,资本主义是资本所有个人主义的实现,社会主义则是雇佣劳动个人主义的实现,社会主义为人的自由发展提供了现实条件。     

论主体哲学思想在私法中的反映

在经历了古希腊时代的萌芽和中世纪的挫折之后,主体哲学思想在近代终于以认知主体性的形式表现出来。认知主体性思想强调人的独立自主、自我决定、个体自由、自我意识、自为自觉、自由意志和能动创造。主体哲学思想作为私法的哲学基础,相应地体现在从古罗马法到近代私法,再到现代私法的主体制度当中。     

ISO Standards Addressing Issues of Bias and Impartiality in Forensic Work

The ISO/IEC 17020 and 17025 standards both include requirements for impartiality and the freedom from bias. Meeting these requirements for implicit cognitive bias is not a simple matter. In this article, we address these international standards, specifically focusing on evaluating and mitigating the risk to impartiality, and quality assurance checks, so as to meet accreditation program requirements. We cover their meaning to management as well as to practitioners, addressing how these issues of impartiality and bias relate to forensic work, and how one can effectively evaluate and mitigate those risks. We then elaborate on specific quality assurance policies and checks and identify when corrective action may be appropriate. These measures will not only serve to meet ISO/IEC 17020 and 17025 requirements, but also enhance forensic work and decision-making.     

哈耶克思想在台湾的传播

哈耶克思想在台湾的传播始于20世纪50年代初,一开始是作为一位“反极权”的冷战英雄被接受。随着对哈耶克理解的深入,台湾学术界针对哈耶克“自生自发秩序”的理解出现了明显的分歧。周德伟的解读代表了哈耶克思想保守主义的一面,而殷海光则试图将对哈耶克的解读导向一种“后五四精神”,林毓生在综合二者的基础上,提出中国文化的“创造性转化”的概念。     

China’s Harmonious World: Beyond Cultural Interpretations

A culture “specter” is haunting the ongoing discourse regarding China’s declared policy of “peaceful rise” for a “harmonious world.” While some Western scholars “cherry-pick” “evidence” of China’s aggressiveness from Confucius legacies, the same cultural heritage is heavily tapped by many Chinese scholars to interpret the current policy of striving for internal and external harmony. Both seem to ignore, though to different degrees, the historically specific political environment, within which the cultural elements function and interact with other socio-political variables. China’s current pursuit of harmony is possible and desirable only at a time when China is able to achieve sustained sociopolitical stability (30 years) in the past 160 years and after its protracted encounter and experiment with Western liberalism, Marxism and capitalism. Although it has not explicitly rejected any of these Western ideologies, China has tested the limits of all of them—hence China’s search for its own identity and policy alternatives at the onset of the new millennium. It is toward a more historical and holistic explanation that this paper constructs the political space and historical trajectory of China’s search for modernity and for itself in the past two centuries and into the future. Yu Bin is Professor of Political Science and Director of East Asian Studies at Wittenberg University, Ohio, USA; Senior Fellow at Shanghai Institute of American Studies; analyst on Russian-China relations for Pacific Forum (CSIS) in Honolulu, Hawaii; and former president of Association of Chinese Political Studies (1992-94). Yu is the author and co-author of several books including the most recent ones: The Government of China (Stockton, NJ.: OTTN Publishing, 2006); Power of the moment: America and the world after 9-11 [Shunjian de Liliang: 9-11 Hou de Meiguo Yu Shijie] (Beijing: Xinhua Chubanshe, 2002); and Mao’s Generals Remember Korean (The University Press of Kansas, 2001). He has published more than 60 articles in journals including World Politics, Strategic Review, Asian Survey, International Politics Quarterly (Beijing), The China and Eurasian Forum Quarterly, International Journal of Korean Studies, Harvard International Review, Comparative Connections, etc.     

对情感因素在认识主义罪过理论中缺失成因的多学科分析——罪过理论历史沿革初探(续二)

着眼于理论形成之际的具体历史条件和思想文化渊源,综合运用经济学、政治学、心理学等多学科理论进行分析,可以看出认识主义罪过理论是在当时的社会经济条件下,为适应时代的政治需求,受当时的哲学、生物学、心理学、精神病学和犯罪学思想的影响而形成的,情感因素在该罪过理论中的缺失有其必然的缘由。     

论认识的主体性来源：从康德到黑格尔到马克思

康德揭示了认识的主体性是基于先天具有的认识形式。黑格尔阐述了主客体的双向运动。马克思指出认识的主体性来源于实践。     

21世纪中国的发展前景与资本主义世界体系

21世纪的社会主义中国面临着资本主义世界体系的严峻挑战。一方面,中国只有与社会主义相结合,才能从根本上解决政治和经济上的控制力与建设力的统一而成功推动社会发展和民族复兴的历史进程;另一方面,中国只有正确应对并最终战胜资本主义世界体系的挑战,才能真正实现国家强盛和民族复兴。     

PARENTAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Six-, 12-, and 15-month follow-up data are presented evaluating a program for high-conflict parents. Funded by a grant from Health and Human Services, the program's content reflects an extensive review of research literature, including the relevant literature on personality disorders. Introduced in Phoenix, Arizona in October 1999, the program has served more than 1,000 families in several jurisdictions. Whereas other programs for entrenched, high-conflict cases are typically time intensive, involving 2 to 6 months, this is a one-time 4-hour program. As such, the authors are heartened to report a suprisingly positive—and enduring—response from the parents.