解释是一种“连锁活动”吗——法律解释理论的费什—德沃金之争

自20世纪80年代初至90年代中期,斯坦利·费什和罗纳德·德沃金进行了一场长达十多年的法律解释论战。该论战从德沃金的"连锁小说"隐喻开始,内容涉及法律规范的意义来源、文本和读者之间的关系、解释行为之限制甚至法律解释的道德性等更深层次的问题。费什从文艺批评和文学解释的角度对德沃金提出的批评和反驳极富启发性,他认为解释总是先在地渗透于我们的思考之中,受我们自身的镶嵌性背景所约束。这一观点无疑有助于丰富和深化人们对于法律解释性质的认识,对于正确看待解释者的自由裁量,增进对解释者解释合理性的信赖具有重要意义。     

工会“两个普遍”方针对促进我国经济增长方式转变的重要影响

全总提出的“两个普遍”方针,其目标要求是,2011年至2013年,全国企业法人建会率达到90%以上,普遍实现企业法人建会;从2011年起用3年时间,到2013年底80%以上已建工会组织的企业建立工资集体协商制度,基本实现已建工会企业普遍开展工资集体协商.“两个普遍方针”深刻反映了工会工作面临的新形势,这一方针的贯彻实行,对于维护广大劳动者的合法权益、促进我国经济增长方式转变、实现经济发展的持续增长,都具有重大意义.     

An innovative transfer DNA experimental design and qPCR assay: Protocol and pilot study

Forensic “touch” DNA samples are low-quantity samples that are recovered from surfaces that have been touched by single or multiple individuals. These samples can include DNA from primary contributors who directly touched the surface, as well as secondary contributors whose DNA was transferred to the surface through an intermediary. It is difficult to determine the type of transfer, or how often and under what conditions DNA transfer occurs. In this paper, we present an innovative protocol that combines (1) a paired male and female transfer DNA experimental design in which the presence of male DNA indicates secondary transfer and (2) a cost-effective quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay of a sex-specific region in the Amelogenin gene to detect male and female DNA. We evaluate the ability of the Amelogenin qPCR assay to detect low concentrations of male and female DNA in mixed samples. We also test experimental DNA samples using our transfer DNA protocol to differentiate primary and secondary DNA transfer. Male DNA was detected in the majority of known mixed samples, even in samples with 4× more female DNA—this result demonstrates the ability to detect low concentrations of male DNA and the presence of secondary transfer DNA in our experimental design. Primary DNA transfer was detected in 100% of our experimental trials and secondary DNA transfer was detected in 37.5% of trials. Our innovative protocol mimics realistic case scenarios to establish rates of primary and secondary DNA transfer in an inexpensive and simplified manner.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒SYBRⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立

参考GenBank上登录的猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)株的ORF3基因序列保守型片段设计特异性引物,建立了检测PEDV的SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量RT-PCR方法。在4.32×102～4.22×107copies范围内,它有很好的线性关系,其扩增相关系数为0.999,扩增效率为99%,扩增产物的熔解曲线只出现1个特异峰,无引物二聚体,熔解温度为82.23℃±0.19℃。它对传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪轮状病毒、猪细小病毒、猪流感病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、猪瘟病毒均检测不到荧光信号,表明其特异性强。该方法的组内变异系数为0.05%～0.87%,组间变异系数为0.32%～1.24%,重复性好。结果表明,建立的SYBRⅠ实时荧光定量RT-PCR为PEDV早期感染的诊断及定量分析提供了新的方法。     

大鼠死后脑、心肌和肾组织β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系

目的 研究SD大鼠脑、心肌和肾组织细胞内β-actin mRNA的降解与早期死亡时间的关系,为早期死亡时间的推断寻找新的指标.方法 大鼠处死后置于20℃的环境中,分别于死后不同时间点提取脑、心肌、肾的总RNA,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测总RNA中β-actin mRNA的水平(Ct值),分析死后经过时间与Ct...     

Analysis of Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Gene Polymorphisms in Cannabinoid Addicts*

Abstract: The gene encoding the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) has been suggested as a candidate gene for substance dependence. In this study, the possible association between Taq1A and Taq1B DRD2 polymorphisms and cannabinoid dependence was investigated. One hundred and twelve cannabinoid addicted and 130 healthy control subjects were included in this study. The Taq1A and Taq1B genotypes were determined in all subjects by polymerase chain reaction. For each polymorphism (A or B), the subjects were categorized into three groups according to their genotype, that is, the subjects with alleles A1/A1, A1/A2, A2/A2; B1/B1, B1/B2, and B2/B2. A significant association was found between Taq1A gene polymorphism and cannabinoid addicts compared to the control subjects. This finding suggests that polymorphism of the Taq1A, but not the Taq1B, may be associated with the susceptibility to cannabinoid dependence. Further clinical studies are required to be carried out for confirmation and evaluation of these findings.     

冷战后的世界地缘政治形势评析

冷战后的世界地缘政治形势发生了深刻变化,形成了界线比较清晰的四大地缘政治板块。这其中单极与多极竞争是冷战后时期世界地缘政治格局调整的主要内容。“9.11”事件与反恐战争使传统地缘政治观的影响有所淡化,但地缘政治本质并未发生实质性改变。     

应用RNA分析技术推断现场血痕形成时间

目的检测血痕中β-actin mRNA和18S rRNA在人体死后8～15d期间的表达残留,为推断血痕形成时间寻找新的客观依据。方法在上述时段内每天抽提血痕总RNA,利用实时定量RT-PCR技术监测18S rRNA和β-actin mRNA的扩增状况并对产物进行定量分析,通过检测18S rRNA与β-actin mRNA含量在各个时间点的变化趋势来推测血痕形成时间。结果死后8～15 d时段内18S rRNA与β-actinmRNA量的比值呈明显升高趋势,显示出两种不同类型RNA降解的时间差异性。结论一定时段内18SrRNA与β-actin mRNA量的相对变化,可作为推测血痕形成时间的参考指标。     

Molecular Identification of Three Indian Snake Species Using Simple PCR–RFLP Method*

Abstract: Three endangered Indian snake species, Python molurus, Naja naja, and Xenochrophis piscator are known to be significantly involved in illegal trade. Effective authentication of species is required to curb this illegal trade. In the absence of morphological features, molecular identification techniques hold promise to address the issue of species identification. We present an effective PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism method for easy identification of the three endangered snake species, Python molurus, Naja naja, and Xenochrophis piscator. A 431‐bp amplicon from cytochrome b gene was amplified using novel snake‐specific primers following restriction digestion with enzymes Mbo II and Fok I. The species‐specific reference fragment patterns were obtained for the target species, which enabled successful identification of even highly degraded shed skin sample confirming the utility of the technique in case of poor‐quality DNA. The assay could be effectively used for forensic authentication of three Indian snake species and would help strengthen conservation efforts.     

浅谈我国零售业现代物流信息化建设

随着全球经济一体化的发展,中国零售行业市场的逐渐对外放开,我国零售业想要有立足之地就必然需要加快物流信息化建设的步伐。对问题分析的一个思路是,先就物流信息化的相关概念进行简要界定,之后通过将国内连锁业百强首位的联华超市物流信息化建设现状与国外零售巨头沃尔玛进行分析与比较,最后指出我国零售业物流信息化方面存在的问题并提出加快信息化建设的建议。