Female Officers and Community Policing: Examining the Connection between Gender Diversity and Organizational Change

This study aimed to evaluate the temporal relationship between gender diversity and the adoption of community policing. The results from three separate structural equation models suggest that gender diversity is the stronger temporal predictor. The findings highlight the potential importance of gender diversity in organizational change. In theory, increasing the number of female officers may increase organizational agility through the creation of an alternative cultural ethos. More research is needed to understand how gender diversity affects police agencies, as well as how calls to reform the institution of policing affect women in law enforcement.     

社区矫正视角下未成年犯再社会化研究

社区矫正作为一种行之有效的非监禁刑执行方式,对未成年犯再社会化有着重要的理论及实践价值,亦是我国刑罚改革的方向。但是,由于我国社区矫正法律制度不够健全,在此背景下如何保护未成年犯的合法权利,值得我们认真去探讨与研究。从分析社区矫正的概念着手,通过对未成年犯再社会化的内涵进行解读,并找出其存在的问题,有助于寻求解决问题的有效对策。     

Aoristic Signatures and the Spatio-Temporal Analysis of High Volume Crime Patterns

The spatial analysis of crime and the current focus on hotspots has pushed the area of crime mapping to the fore, especially in regard to high volume offenses such as vehicle theft and burglary. Hotspots also have a temporal component, yet police recorded crime databases rarely record the actual time of offense as this is seldom known. Police crime data tends, more often than not, to reflect the routine activities of the victims rather than the offense patterns of the offenders. This paper demonstrates a technique that uses police START and END crime times to generate a crime occurrence probability at any given time that can be mapped or visualized graphically. A study in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia, demonstrates that crime hotspots with a geographical proximity can have distinctly different temporal patterns.     

中外社区警务计划与实验

自20世纪70年代后期以来,欧美及亚太地区一些国家在致力于社区警务理论研究的同时,也尝试制定社区警务计划,并开展了不同规模、不同形式的实验和交流学习,取得了某些短期效果,积累了一定经验。世纪之交,中国在继承本国治安基层基础工作优良传统和学习国外经验的基础上,也开始步入在社会主义市场经济条件下探索推行社区警务的新阶段。     

创建“警察临战学”的若干思考

创建警察临战学是警务实践、公安队伍建设、公安学理论繁荣的需要。警察临战，是指公安机关及其人民警察为了维护国家安全和社会治安秩序，对那些具有突发性、对抗性、危难性的各类案(事)件的临场战斗和紧急处置；警察临战学的研究对象是警察临战处置活动及其规律性；警察临战学是公安学的分支学科，是一门应用性学科；警察临战学的理论体系应包括基础理论、应用理论、技术理论、史学理论等内容。     

社区概念发展的历程

自从滕尼斯提出社区这一概念之后 ,随着现代化进程的发展 ,社区日益成为社会学的一个基本而重要的概念。由于社区形式的多样性和复杂性 ,社区的概念也不断得到丰富和发展。虚拟社区的出现要求我们有必要重新把握社区的概念 ,同时挑明社会实践对社会学概念变化的推动作用。     

A randomized experimental study of sharing crime data with citizens: Do maps produce more fear?

The larger roles of the community in crime prevention and improvements in technology have increased police–citizen communication and the distribution of information from police departments to private citizens. Combined, these changes have led to the current movement among law enforcement agencies toward sharing both summary reports and maps of crime with community groups. Although the dissemination of crime information is intended to benefit community members, there is a lack of empirical evidence demonstrating the effects of crime mapping on citizen perceptions and fear of crime. This experiment compared three formats for disseminating crime data; two popular types of crime maps (i.e., graduated symbol and density) and the traditional tabular format of crime statistics. A randomized experimental design was used to measure residents fear of crime and their perception of the safety of different areas of Redlands, CA. Overall, residents who viewed either type of map reported less fear than those who viewed tabular statistics. Respondents who viewed graduated symbol maps consistently reported less fear than either density maps or tabular statistics. However, there were differences depending on the type of map. While graduated symbol maps were associated with the lowest levels of fear of robbery, theft or assault; density maps produced different reactions depending on the area of the city. Finally, the maps did not stigmatize high crime areas of Redlands. Where statistically significant differences existed, respondents who were given maps were more likely to recommend someone move into an area than those who were given tabular statistics.     

Global Environment Threats and a Divided Northern Community

The EU, Japan, and the US now share many environmental norms, laws, and institutions and cooperate on international environmental matters through numerous bilateral and multilateral channels. They disagree, however, on how to deal with some of the most serious issues facing the global environment and the quality of human life including wide-scale biodiversity loss, climate change, the use of genetically modified (GM) organisms; the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes, and chemical safety. As these are all issues that require the involvement of developing countries if global environmental protection efforts are to be effective, the discord that exists among the Northern states is of tremendous significance. The US has pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol arguing that the treaty is poorly designed and would be detrimental to the US economy. Japan and the EU have had to try to find a way to bring the treaty into force without the participation of the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases and to convince participating countries to meet their targets even though this may put them at a competitive disadvantage. In the case of biodiversity loss, although the US initiated international negotiations on biodiversity preservation, it has refused to join the EU and Japan in ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity. There are also differences between the US, on the one side, and Japan and the EU on the other, regarding the use of GM organisms. This article analyses the reasons for the differences that have emerged among northern states in their international environmental policy positions and what the implications of this northern policy divide are for the effectiveness and legitimacy of international environmental protection efforts.     

论物业管理与社区法制建设

我国2003年9月1日开始施行的《物业管理条例》,对社区法制建设具有重要的意义。社区法制建设应当使居委会与物业管理企业结合起来,发挥物业管理的积极作用,双管齐下,共同构建和谐社区。