Women Police

Abstract

This study investigated the use of force by and against women police officers using survey data from a large sample of female and male officers in six departments. Results suggested that female officers and same-gender female-female officer pairs used less force, and were less likely to use physical force, in police-citizen encounters when compared to their male counterparts. There was no evidence supporting the proposition that citizens used less force against female officers compared with male officers. In fact, the findings indicated that citizens used significantly more force against female officers relative to male officers in domestic calls. Although female officers were more likely to engage in underpredicted policing; that is, use less force than the situation would normally dictate, underpredicted policing was not related to an increase in the likelihood of officer injury. Implications for women officers, police use of force, and the institution of policing are discussed.     

从社区治理到公民治理——中国城市社区治理的应然逻辑

本文界定了公民治理的核心概念,以治理理论、多中心治理理论、公民自治理论等为基础,用六个分析指标分析了当前中国社区治理的情况,提出了公民治理的分析框架,得出了只要能够克服一些局限性,中国社区治理的发展趋向就是公民治理模式的结论。     

以民意引领现代警务机制创新的路径探析

为保障我国经济社会转型构建稳定的社会治安环境,各地根据公安部提出的要求,各地公安机关正大力开展以民意引领警务机制创新的活动,应以就民意引领现代警务在创新理念、公安科学决策、执勤执法、治安行政管理、公共安全危机应急处置、社会公共安全风险评估和网络警务机制的建设中发挥更大作用。     

公安微博客对现代警务机制创新的影响研究

2012年政务微博的集群化、专业化发展对于推动社会进步意义重大.公安微博客在工作理念、工作方式方法、创新途径等方面对现代警务机制带来了深刻而又积极的影响.实际工作中需从建章立制、有效整合微博资源、严格管理规范服务等层面加强管理,以提升公安微博客的发展和服务水平.     

警察执法中实施正当防卫的有效性研究

警察执法行动中因抗法遏袭导致伤亡的事件不时发生,研究警察执法中正当防卫行使的有效性,意义重大。从法规条例、实战能力等两个方面对警察在执法中实施正当防卫的有效性进行了分析论述,指出：国家现有的法规条例为警察实施正当防卫提供了较为有力的法理依据,警察执法时实施正当防卫必须很好的贯通、遵循相关法规条例;同时,警察执法中实施正当防卫,还必须有良好的防范意识、过硬的武力手段、规范的法律行为以及健康的身心作为自身实战能力保障,才能提高正当防卫的有效性。     

Science cannot fix this: the limitations of evidence-based practice

The use of evidence-based practice as a guide for correctional investment is widely lauded as a positive shift away from punitive approaches to criminal justice. The value-neutral language of science, however, supplants a more fundamental and necessary dialog about core principles of our justice system. We raise concern that the discourse of evidence-based practice serves to avoid accountability for the dominant correctional regime which remains overwhelmingly invested in the imposition of punishment. Furthermore, evidence-based practice privileges academic expertise and de-legitimizes the knowledge base within affected communities stifling grassroots innovation and creativity.     

Exploring community protection

This is an attempt to provide conceptual clarity to the community protection component of Pennsylvania’s restorative justice enterprise. After a brief background of the legislative changes to Pennsylvania’s juvenile justice system and the theoretical development of restorative justice, data from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are utilized to define and measure what is meant by community protection.     

Prediction of institutional aggression among personality disordered forensic patients using actuarial and structured clinical risk assessment tools: prospective evaluation of the HCR-20, VRS,Static-99, and Risk Matrix 2000

A minority of men and women with intellectual disabilities at times engage in, and are suspected, or convicted, of illegal activity. Recent policy developments in England and Wales emphasise the need to respond appropriately to putative offending risk through the provision of safe and effective community management, treatment, and support services. In line with these concerns, research has focused increasingly on testing the utility of an evolving variety of risk assessment procedures. Here, the authors set out to challenge the repertoire of a number of prominent and/or recently developed risk assessment procedures and the scope of an associated research literature, on the basis that contextual risk factors are receiving insufficient attention in relation to offending among people with intellectual disabilities. Drawing on the wider criminological literature, a novel study is reported that compares key contemporary proximal social and environmental circumstances in the lives of offenders and non-offenders with intellectual disabilities. A contextual risk score is derived, providing statistical support for increased consideration of the impact of relevant social and environmental circumstances. Increased emphasis on key contextual risk factors is recommended to strengthen community service responses to offenders with intellectual disabilities.     

American Police Unions: A Hindrance or Help to Innovation?

In response to the crises of the 1960s, police departments in the United States embarked upon great change in their policies, operations, and programs. This literature, however, has largely neglected the duality of the role of police unions in the adoption of new programs and practices. Learning about the key actors in the innovations process, however, is crucial to understanding how organizational change emerges. This article builds upon previous research to understand the effects of police unions on the adoption of innovation. Findings indicate that police unions may actually promote rather than hinder the implementation of new innovation.     

Predictive Policing: Review of Benefits and Drawbacks

This literature review illuminates the conceptualization of predictive policing, and also its potential and realized benefits and drawbacks. The review shows a discrepancy between the considerable attention for potential benefits and drawbacks of predictive policing in the literature, and the empirical evidence that is available. The empirical evidence provides little support for the claimed benefits of predictive policing. Whereas some empirical studies conclude that predictive policing strategies lead to a decrease in crime, others find no effect. At the same time, there is no empirical evidence at all for the claimed drawbacks. We conclude that the current thrust of predictive policing initiatives is based on convincing arguments and anecdotal evidence rather than on systematic empirical research. We urge the research community to do independent tests of both positive and negative expectations to generate an evidence base for predictive policing.