Competitive Liberalization,Competitive Imperialism,and Intellectual Property

Aggressive pursuit of free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) by major and minor trading powers alike challenges the conventional wisdom in favor of such pursuit – competitive liberalization. An equally plausible explanation for an active bilateral and regional trade agreement policy, one which effectively de-emphasizes multilateralism, may be competitive imperialism. The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights is one area in which new provisions, going beyond multilateral rules, are being negotiated and written into FTAs and CUs. Such provisions may yield insights into which characterization of bilateralism and regionalism – competitive liberalization or competitive imperialism – is more apt. Rice Distinguished Professor, The University of Kansas, School of Law, Green Hall, 1535 West 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045-7577, USA. Tel. +1-785-8649224. Fax. +1-785-8645054. www.law.ku.edu. J.D., Harvard (1989); M.Sc., Oxford (1986); M.Sc., London School of Economics (1985); A.B., Duke (1984). Marshall Scholar (1984-86). Member, Council on Foreign Relations, Royal Society for Asian Affairs, and Fellowship of Catholic Scholars. Author, Modern GATT Law (Sweet & Maxwell 2005), International Trade Law: Theory and Practice (2nd ed. 2000, 3rd ed. forthcoming 2007-08), and Trade, Development, and Social Justice (Carolina Academic Press 2003). I am thankful to my Research Assistant, Mr. David R. Jackson (B.A., George Mason University, 1992; J.D. Class of 2007, University of Kansas), for his indispensable help on this work. I also am grateful to Dr. Mohammed El Said, University of Central Lancashire (UCLAN), for his consistent support and friendship, and for what he has taught and continues to teach me about international trade and intellectual property.     

建设高素质公安队伍要强化和完善三个机制

建设高素质的公安队伍 ,必须要有一个好的工作机制。这个工作机制就是强化和完善公开、平等的竞争机制 ,催人奋进的激励机制和全面严格的制约机制。     

公共服务的竞争性外包:比较丹麦和瑞典的政策与执行

本文比较和分析了丹麦和瑞典对公共服务实行竞争性外包的道路。人们通常认为 ,这两个国家不存在或者只有少量的外包现象。但事实正好相反 ,这两个国家都有很长的将公共服务外包出去的历史 ,而且自从 2 0世纪 80年代就开始争论和执行竞争性外包政策了。     

论高校图书馆核心竞争力的构建

高校图书馆要想在信息市场竞争中赢得主动,就必须构建自己的核心竞争力,而提高核心竞争力是通过建立特色图书馆、创新服务理念和管理机制、提高人员素质来实现的。     

竞争力优势理论与中小企业竞争战略

人力资本不足成为制约中小企业发展、创新和竞争优势形成的障碍,文章以迈克尔·波特(Michael Porter)的产业竞争模式分析理论框架为依据,指出技术创新是中小企业竞争力优势的基础,人才是中小企业发展的关键,提出了中小企业的竞争战略选择.     

公务员培训的中外比较--一些宏观层面的思考

本文从国际比较和借鉴的角度,对公务员培训中几个宏观层面的问题进行思考并提出一些个人看法:培训主体应实现多元化,在公务员培训中引入竞争机制;公务员培训的目标定位应立足于知识和技能的提高;增强培训内容的针对性,需要改变主要按级别实施培训的做法;培训者素质提高的主要方向是加强实际经验,培训机构应靠发展特色和"绝活"来在日趋激烈的竞争中立足.     

现代犯罪观:自然权利背后的优势补偿

社会化和犯罪化是抑制乃至剥夺个人自然权利的过程,要使惩罚犯罪具有合理性,必须使个人的自然权利兑换成社会权利;只有社会权利能够给个人带来较自然权利更多的利益,改变个人的生存结构,令其从自然状态过渡到社会框架下才具有合理性。在惩罚犯罪时,必须考虑犯罪乃个人自然权利体现的基本事实;而量定责任时,也需考虑自然权利兑换社会权利不能的情形,适度对自然权利所代表的竞争优势给予补偿。     

The range and limitation of sub-national regime variations under electoral authoritarianism: The case of Russia

ABSTRACT

As has been demonstrated by scholars, different levels of a polity may encompass different political regimes. In this study we examine variations in regional political regimes which have developed under Russia's system of electoral authoritarianism. Comparing the results of two cycles of regional assembly elections (2008–12 and 2013–17) we analyse and compare elections results and levels of electoral contestation in both the party list (PL) and single member district (SMD) contests. This allows us to identify the range of sub-national regime variations: ‘hegemonic authoritarian’, ‘inter-elite bargain authoritarian’, ‘clearly-competitive authoritarian’, and ‘moderately-competitive authoritarian’ regions. Approximately half of the regions demonstrate stable electoral patterns across both cycles. At the same time, none of the regions go beyond the authoritarian limitations imposed by the Russian regime. The variation is explained by a combination of structural and agency factors with a prevalence of the latter.     

Contesting land grabs,negotiating statehood: the politics of international accountability mechanisms and land disputes in rural Cambodia

Abstract

In Cambodia, rural citizens embroiled in protracted land grabbing cases with the state and private companies are turning increasingly to international accountability mechanisms for resolution. This article applies the interlinked concepts of hybrid governance and legal pluralism to understand the prospects and limitations of ‘forum-shopping’ through appeals to international mechanisms for rural communities affected by land grabs. Drawing on interviews and using process tracing, it examines the outcomes of a mediation case filed with the International Finance Corporation’s Compliance Advisor/Ombudsman (CAO) involving indigenous groups and a Vietnamese rubber company in north-east Cambodia. It argues that while international accountability mechanisms yield platforms for dispossessed groups to assert claims, they also reify choices between entitlements and attainability without circumventing the problems associated with justice delivery under Cambodia’s authoritarian regime. Overall, this study highlights the interaction, competition and collaboration between distinct forms of regulatory authority exercised by national and transnational actors involved in land grabbing cases in Cambodia, demonstrating their role in ‘negotiating statehood’ by governing local claims to land.     

西方竞争性政党体制下的政党共识及思考

西方竞争性政党体制下，政党之间除了激烈的竞争外，也存在着共识。共识是西方政党之间关系的一个重要方面。政党共识的出现是由多方面因素造成的，其中政治、社会、文化、政党自身因素起决定性作用。西方政党的共识政治对我国具有重要的启示。