The Difficulties of Common Security: On the Need for Value Consensus as a Basis for International Security

The essence of international security is common security, which relies heavily on basic consensus on security concepts and strategies among nations. However, since the beginning of the 20 th century, such a consensus or value basis has become very “thin” as a result of the following four factors: the inception of the global international system along with its cultural diversity; the great changes in political, economic and military arenas; the rise of nationalism and popular politics; and the emergence of superpowers and their antagonistic ideologies. Within strategic culture, there is juxtaposition between confrontational culture and cooperative culture. In security concepts, people have different preferences for national, international or global security. In terms of security strategies, there exist several competing models such as hegemonic stability, balance of power and institutional cooperation. The primary aims of international security remain: avoiding major wars, maintaining the stability of the international system and safeguarding the integrity of the nations. There are two new challenges: promoting global economic justice to avoid any domestic or international conflicts caused by an imbalanced international economic order; and meeting the challenges of various non-conventional security issues affecting human life on a global scale. In an era of security interdependence, the international community must make joint efforts to rebuild the consensus on security in light of the fundamental values of common security and cooperative security, and to practice a truly “international” security strategy so as to break away from the security dilemmas inflicted by each nation’s reliance on its own self-help and competing “national” security strategy.     

劳动规章基本问题研究

工作规则（劳动规章制度）因更多体现用人单位意志而对其法律定性存在极大的争议,有契约说、法规说等不同理论学说,且不同国家地区对此问题的认知也存在较大差别。改革开放至今,经济改革的结果是将各种不同性质的企业与劳动者推向市场,并在此期间制定了大量配套的企业制度。本文认为,包含有劳动条件的工作规则的本质是用人单位＂单方意思表示＂行为,此类工作规则的生效、变更等皆需由劳动者承诺为要件,而非实体性工作规则则应当实行企业自治。     

论合同法定形式规则的历史流变

在罗马法早期,合同的效力来源于特定的仪式。在合意作为合同本质被发现后,合同法经历了祛魅的过程,合同形式不再作为合同效力的来源。此后,合同形式的功能发生了重要的变化。它作为维护实质正义的工具在某些领域出现了勃兴。     

道德重塑视域内的网络舆论规范化问题探讨

当前,我国网络舆论的作用日益凸显,但在推动民主化进程的同时网络舆论的道德底线却一降再降.为此,应重塑网络舆论道德标准,在道德标准的框架下,扎实网络道德规范建设基础,提高网民的自我约束能力,发挥网络舆论的正面影响力,营造和谐网络氛围,以此推进网络舆论规范化发展.     

刑事和解中的利益权衡

刑事和解之所以在司法实践中被广泛应用,是因为刑事和解通过权衡被害人利益、加害人利益与公共利益实现了各方利益的最大化.以利益权衡为视角,刑事和解在我国司法实践中存在的主要问题是如何确保当事人双方合意的自愿性、如何规制刑事和解适用中出现的泛化倾向以及如何确保刑事和解发挥应有的社会效果.要解决这些问题,需要明确刑事和解适用的...     

根据骨盆CT片特征指标进行同一认定的研究

目的选择骨盆CT片上的特征指标,建立逐步回归方程,探讨其在法医学同一认定中的应用价值。方法收集160名不同被检查者骨盆CT影像片各1张,70名被检查者不同次骨盆CT影像片各2张。选择并测量骨盆CT片上的14项指标值,分别计算不同人随机分组相同测量指标的组间的差值,以及相同人不同次测量指标间的差值,运用二分类logistic逐步回归分析,建立各项指标的一元回归方程和多项指标的多元回归方程,并对方程进行盲测检验。结果建立的14个一元方程中同一认定的正确率在61.1%(骶骨耳状面后缘宽)~80.5%(第一骶椎平面左右髂骨前端间距)之间;建立的6个多元回归方程的正确率在80.5%~93.8%之间。盲测准确率为100%。结论本文在CT片上选择的14项特征指标可以用于同一认定,在使用时应尽可能选用多元指标以得到更准确的结果。     

参政党思想建设初探

参政党思想建设,重点是巩固和发展各民主党派与中国共产党长期合作的政治基础。各民主党派20多年来持之以恒地参与毕节试验区建设,通过实践来加强参政党思想建设;要把握好政治方向,使参政党及其成员与执政党形成政治共识,践行"同心"思想;要把握民主党派政治联盟的特点,为共同致力于建设中国特色社会主义事业而风雨同舟。     

Local governance and spatial distribution of resources: The need to harness traditional leadership for service delivery in South Africa

Abstract

Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods, the aim of the study forming the basis of the article was to examine how traditional leadership can be harnessed for the purposes of service delivery at the local level in South Africa. Specifically, the study sought to examine the juxtaposition of traditional and modern forms of governance in South Africa (institutional duality) and the role traditional leaders play in the provision and delivery of social and economic services to the sections of the population within their jurisdictions. The results of the study confirmed the existence of this institutional duality with regard to the Southern African institutional culture. In other words, even though traditional leaders no longer wield the considerable administrative, legislative and judicial powers they used to exercise over the chiefdoms, they are still very much part of the institutional culture of South Africa and the sub-region.     

Ideas,identity, and institution‐building: From the ‘ASEAN way’ to the ‘Asia‐Pacific way'?

Abstract

This article examines the extent to which the development of multilateral institutions in the Asia‐Pacific region may be viewed as an exercise in identity‐building. It argues that institution‐building in this region is more of a ‘process‐orientated’ phenomenon, rather than simply being an outcome of structural changes in the international system (such as the decline of American hegemony). The process combines universal principles of multilateralism with some of the relatively distinct modes of socialization prevailing in the region. Crucial to the process have been the adaptation of four ideas: ‘cooperative security’, ‘open regionalism’, ‘soft regionalism’, and ‘flexible consensus’. The construction of a regional identity, which may be termed the ‘Asia‐Pacific Way’ has also been facilitated by the avoidance of institutional grand designs and the adoption of a consensual and cautious approach extrapolated from the ‘ASEAN Way’. The final section of the article examines the limitations and dangers of the Asia‐Pacific Way. It concludes with the assertion that while the Asia‐Pacific Way is an over‐generalised, instrumental, and pragmatic approach to regional cooperation, and there remain significant barriers to the development of a collective regional identity that is constitutive of the interests of the actors, it has helped introduce the concept and practice of multilateralism into a previously sceptical region and might have ‘bought’ enough time and space for regional actors to adapt to the demands of multilateralism.     

法制舆论监督报道的活动空间及其拓展

从控制论的观点来看,舆论监督实际上是一种反馈机制,它描绘了社会系统自身在从前某一时间的运行偏离情况,并促成社会系统的自我矫正。法制舆论监督报道由于其内容的涉法性,对社会系统的矫正更为有力;因此保障法制舆论监督报道的活动空间不受限制可有效避免社会系统滑向无序。目前我国法制舆论监督报道伸向各个方向的触角都受到不同程度的限制,社会系统无法得到完备的反馈信息。一旦社会系统缺乏有效反馈,其能量会逐渐耗尽,是熵(entropic)的。也就是说,由于得到的反馈信息残缺,社会系统自我矫正的力度不够,它将以更快的速度滑向无序状态。