The animal advocacy movement in the Baltic states: links to other social justice issues and possibilities for intersectional activism

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the animal advocacy movement (AAM) in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Taking an intersectional perspective, I examine whether and how key animal activists in the Baltics see links between animal rights and other social justice issues. I also consider how the movement communicates its messages to the general public in settings where ideas around animal justice and possibilities for animal advocacy are relatively recent and unfamiliar. This analysis contributes to debates regarding possibilities for intersectional activism and collaboration between social justice movements in the Baltics and beyond.     

论消费者权之法律边界

消费者权的行使可能会损害经营者的经营自由,权利冲突意味着权利的限制与边界,确立消费者权法律边界的理论依据主要有权利冲突理论和权利不得滥用原则。过错责任是消费者权利与经营者经济自由平衡保护的重要机制,特殊消费侵权行为适用无过错责任时,也应遵循法益衡量规则。     

论欧盟及英法两国对消费者合同不公平条款的认定

消费者合同双方缔约地位不平等,易导致合同权利义务失衡,损害消费者利益。英国先后对不公平合同条件及消费者合同不公平条件立法,法国通过认定附合合同及禁止权利滥用达到保护消费者目的。欧盟就消费者保护颁布了四个指令,其中1993年指令附件列举了17种不公平条款,为欧盟绝大多数成员国移植。欧盟2008年法案附件作了调整,且分类为“黑名单”与“灰名单”。即便在清单之外,合同条款若违反诚实信用,导致权利义务明显失衡,也会被认定为不公平。格式合同广泛存在于消费者合同中,而不公平条款的最主要形态为格式条款。考虑我国保护消费者与发展经济需求,建议对格式条款进入消费者合同设置程序与实体双重门槛,仿照欧盟规定两类名单,初期可扩展“灰名单”,尔后再予调整。     

国际旅游岛战略下旅游消费者权益保护问题研究

旅游消费者权益保障是海南国际旅游岛建设的重要组成部分,海南应该重点治理吃、住、行、游、购、娱中有损旅游消费者权益的典型行为。通过海鲜参考价格公示等制度建设、采取创新的监管方式、侧重信息化的投诉机制、实施以旅游法庭为代表的纠纷解决机制,充分考虑外国旅游消费者权益的保护,营造一个良好的国际旅游岛旅游消费环境。     

The E-learning Miracle

正AUGUST marks the first anniversary of xue.taobao.com,an online education platform along the lines of Taobao(the Chinese online shopping website equivalent to eBay and Amazon).Nipping at its heels,having appeared last November,is Google’s new product Helpout,a C2C(consumer-to-consumer)e-learning platform.This successive branching out of Internet giants into the e-learning marketplace will undoubtedly have a posi-     

Transnationality and diaspora advocacy: lessons from disaster

A number of catastrophic disasters in the last decade have raised questions about their transnational impacts and about the role of the diaspora. The 2010 Haiti earthquake, the focus of our study, provided a lens to further our understanding of evolving conceptualizations about transnationalism, transmigrants, and social capital. We hypothesize that sustained ‘intensive transnationalism’ by diaspora and linking forms of social capital between diaspora, other civil society organizations and advocacy groups, and government institutions are critical during post-disaster recovery in affected nation states and in countries to which survivors turn for refuge. We conducted 103 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a wide range of civil society actors in South Florida, Boston, New York, Atlanta, and Washington DC between June 2010 and June 2015. We found that linking forms of social capital were more important after the earthquake than in previous disasters. Overall, the longevity and variety of Haitian diaspora advocacy work, particularly in immigration, have resulted in broader social networks and alliances, work groups, task forces, interfaith coalitions, and support groups to address complex social and policy issues.     

对我国《消费者权益保护法》第49条的若干思考

文章首先论述了我国《消费者权益保护法》第 4 9条适用的实体条件 ,然后分析了第 4 9条适用的范围 ,最后指出了第 4 9条的赔偿范围。     

论我国立法中的惩罚性赔偿制度

惩罚性赔偿 ,是加害人给付受害人的实际损失之外的金钱赔偿。本文在评析我国现行立法的基础上 ,提出如下主张 :如将其适用范围扩充 ;在对行为人的主观恶性的要求上 ,要包括欺诈、重大过失下的不实陈述、滥用权利等恶劣心态 ;就惩罚性赔偿的数额 ,应无上限规定 ,而应由法官结合具体情况予以自由裁量。     

消费者的知情权

在信息社会中 ,知情权日益受到人们的重视。消费者的知情权是消费者权利体系中的基础性权利。消费者与生产者、经营者之间的信息不对称是法律赋予消费者知情权的原因。知情权作为确立消费者人格的基础 ,除了要求生产者、经营者履行信息披露义务之外 ,还要求政府的积极保护 ,实现对消费风险的事先控制 ,从而更好地保护消费者。