裁判思维下的公司机会原则——以《公司法》第149条为中心

公司机会原则的适用主体总体上可以准确地界定为董事、高级管理人员和控股股东,不包括监事和独立董事。公司机会的认定取决于是否源于职务便利获取,而不应限定为是否在执行职务过程中获取。公司机会原则与竞业禁止存在竞合,但是两者又各有不同,不应将二者混淆。公司机会原则与保密义务存在牵连,需要分清。违反公司机会原则,公司享有归入权和损害赔偿请求权。特定情形下,公司可以向机会提供的第三人索赔。     

银行在公司法人治理中的作用

德国、日本的银行和美国、英国的银行在公司治理中虽然有着不同的地位 ,但都发挥着重大的作用。同样 ,我国银行也可以在公司法人治理中发挥积极的作用。我国不应借鉴德日银行股权式参与公司治理的模式 ,而应当参考美英的做法制定金融控股公司法给包括银行在内的金融机构积极参与公司治理提供一个充分发挥其作用的平台。     

公司社会责任本土资源考察

公司社会责任包含着大量属于道德规范的内容。中国有着沿续几千年的道德传统和丰富的道德资源。从中国实际出发,挖掘“本土资源”,从影响乃至塑造我国道德传统的古代思想中探寻建构我国公司社会责任理论的基础点并寻求公司社会责任实现的“药方”,是深化公司社会责任研究的又一进路。中国传统文化与公司社会责任实现所需要的环境既有相容的一面,也有矛盾冲突的一面。我们应当在坚守法律底线和尊重公司营利性的基础上采取必要措施强化道德规范对公司行为的约束。大力营造与社会主义市场经济相适应的道德环境,提升公司社会责任的实现程度。     

Examining Connections between the Police and Prosecution in Sexual Assault Case Processing: Does the Use of Exceptional Clearance Facilitate a Downstream Orientation?

After several decades of research on how the criminal justice system handles reports of sexual assault, the attrition of cases at the police and prosecutor stages continues to draw the attention of policy makers, victim advocates, and academics. Such attrition has implications for thousands of victims and their alleged offenders each year. Current estimates show that significant rates of attrition persist and vary across jurisdictions. Recent work in two jurisdictions reveals a pattern of exceptional clearances being used to close sexual assault cases reported to the police and that prosecutors are weighing in at the arrest stage. Broadening this analysis we use incident data from a multitude of jurisdictions that report to the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) in combination with data from other law enforcement sources to investigate how legal and extra-legal incident factors as well as agency factors differentiate the decision to clear cases by exceptional means from clearance by arrest. We find that agency, legal, and extra-legal factors predict the use of exceptional clearance relative to arrest and discuss how these findings suggest a downstream orientation in case processing.     

公司社会责任信息披露的软法构建研究

2018年,证监会修订《上市公司治理准则》,确立了环境、社会、治理的ESG信息披露框架。在混合所有制改革、金融开放加速的背景下,中小投资者权益保护的内涵发生根本转变,企业社会责任利益相关方的话语权得到提升。优化营商环境,推进信用监管将市场自由的效率目标与公平竞争的秩序目标进一步推向融合。企业信息公开、上市公司信息披露、社会信用体系建设完善了社会责任信息交换的公共场域;ESG投资的交易成本降低,市场的强劲表现成为推进上市公司责任治理的实质性激励机制。以上元素共同构成了《上市公司治理准则》修订纳入ESG信息披露框架的制度语境。这一修订客观上打造了一个撬动责任软法推进的支点,通过将ESG框架导入上市公司治理,与新发展理念结合,在多元参与的公司治理结构和基于合规性的履责实践基础上,使得创新商业方法解决社会问题内化为上市公司的决策思维和责任基因,追求利润至上的"经济人"理性与追求影响力投资的"负责任"价值取向在ESG投资实践中有效融合。     

Ford first? Corporate security and the US Department of War's Plant Protection Service's interior organization unit 1917–1918

The Ford Motor Company's corporate security unit is widely considered to be the prototype of in-house corporate security. Drawing on archival research, we demonstrate that beginning in 1917 and continuing through the early 1920s the US Department of War's Plant Protection Service and their interior organization units represent an early example of corporate security emanating from the public sector. The existence and character of this unit challenges the notion that Ford pioneered corporate security and the surveillance, secrecy, employee control, and pre-emptive techniques it typifies. The work of interior organization unit personnel exhibits strategies and features associated with today's professional corporate security managers. We then reflect on the implications of these findings for understanding the history of labor suppression and the origins of corporate security in the United States.     

Decentralized enforcement in organizations: An experimental approach

Social enforcement, the decentralized action by organizational actors of monitoring, identifying, and reporting legal violations, is widely recognized as a key factor in ensuring good governance. This article reports on an experimental survey conducted in the US and Israel examining the behavior of individuals when confronting workplace unlawful conduct. The study provides novel insights into the relationships between state based, organization based, and employee based enforcement. It finds that the likelihood and the manner of reporting will vary depending on the type of illegality and are strongly correlated to perceptions of legitimacy, job security, and voice within the workplace. Comparing illegalities, employees prefer to report clear violations by rank and file employees rather than violations by managers. At the same time, external reporting to government or media entities is most likely when violations involve the organization as a whole or implicate top management. The study also finds cultural and gender differences in reporting patterns. Finally, the study provides support for the understanding that social norms are more predictive of social enforcement than expected organizational costs.     

欧盟公司资本制度的改革及其对我国的启示

第二号公司法指令关于法定资本制的各项规则繁琐、僵硬,不能完全适应公司低成本高效率以及激励创新的制度要求,也没有达到充分保护债权人的目的.欧盟2006/68号指令对第二号公司法指令作了相应的修改,其中的辩论、建议和修改的结果值得我们反思和研究.我国未来公司资本制度改革,应致力于完善对债权人的保护,建立资本与公司负债和资产规模相适应,以公司的偿付能力作为分配标准的资本制度.同时完善其他债权人保护制度,如股东债权衡平居次原则、刺破公司面纱原则、信息披露制度,建立阻止非法转移财产的制度和债权人对破产公司董事责任的追究等制度.在提高公司经营效率,节省公司设立和运营成本方面,欧盟此次公司法指令修改的内容,可以为我国借鉴和采纳.     

探究信访行为制度化的合理性——兼论对依法行政的影响

在每一个信访高峰年,有不少问题获得了圆满解决,但从法律的角度看,这对于各级政府依法行政的实现并不是有力的推动,相反,则表明了政府行政过程中仍存在大量的问题亟待解决.信访的出现,进而成为一种政治制度,其对于依法行政的影响将在本文进行探讨.     

公司资本信用悖论

公司信用是无法依赖立法者安排与创设的。欲构筑公司信用的参与人 ,有内在动因经由公司法之内或之外的规则安排 ,展示自己的信用。而试图探询交易对方信用的参与人 ,有内在渴求在公司法制度之内或之外 ,达致自己的目标。立法者的使命就是创设一个空间 ,给前者一个自由安排或彰显自己信用的选择权 ,给后者一个多渠道获取信息的管道。