Holding parties responsible at election time: Multi-level,multi-party government and electoral accountability

This paper highlights the crucial role played by party-specific responsibility attributions in performance-based voting. Three models of electoral accountability, which make distinct assumptions regarding citizens' ability to attribute responsibility to distinct governing parties, are tested in the challenging Northern Ireland context – an exemplar case of multi-level multi-party government in which expectations of performance based voting are low. The paper demonstrates the operation of party-attribution based electoral accountability, using data from the 2011 Northern Ireland Assembly Election Study. However, the findings are asymmetric: accountability operates in the Protestant/unionist bloc but not in the Catholic/nationalist bloc. This asymmetry may be explained by the absence of clear ethno-national ideological distinctions between the unionist parties (hence providing political space for performance based accountability to operate) but the continued relevance in the nationalist bloc of ethno-national difference (which limits the scope for performance politics). The implications of the findings for our understanding of the role of party-specific responsibility attribution in performance based models of voting, and for our evaluation of the quality of democracy in post-conflict consociational polities, are discussed.     

汉邦监控录像时间信息研究

目的建立寻找汉邦监控录像目标时间范围监控录像数据的方法。方法使用X-ways数据搜索功能，搜索目标时间范围监控录像数据。结果通过底层数据搜索，成功提取出所需时间范围监控录像。结论汉邦监控录像可以通过底层数据搜索的方式寻找目标时间范围监控录像。     

Population genetic data of five X-chromosomal loci in Bauru (São Paulo, Brazil)

Genetic population data for five X-STR (DXS6854, DXS7424, DXS101, DXS6808 and DXS7132) were obtained from Bauru population (São Paulo, Brazil). No deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed, with the exception of DXS101. The combined powers of discrimination in males and females were 0.99897253 and 0.99999120, respectively. These high values show the potential of this system in human identification and paternity testing.     

学校与社区教育资源共享的探索

建立符合实际的社区教育运行机制和管理模式,强化和完善社区教育服务功能,构建与经济社会发展相适应的社区教育体系,促进学习型社会的形成,是发展社区教育的必然要求。而学校与其所属的社区能有效地互动,相互提供资源,实施资源共享是完善教育功能的一条十分有效的途径。实现学校与社区双向开放、双向参与、双向服务、双向受益,在社区大力支持教育的同时,学校凭借人才、知识、信息等优1势发挥对社区的辐射功能,实现学校与社区教育共同发展。     

谈会计电算化的安全问题及对策

随着电子计算机、信息技术的飞速发展和会计改革的不断深化,会计电算化的普及率越来越高,从而也面临众多新的挑战,特别是电算化的安全问题面临严重的威胁,本文将就会计电算化的安全问题进行比较系统的分析,并就解决会计电算化安全问题提出相应的对策。     

海盗的历史、现状与《海上刑事法案准则》（草案）

分析海盗的法律概念、由来及特点,介绍全球联手打击海盗的措施与效果,详细介绍国际海事组织（IMO）针对海盗和海上犯罪行为专门制定的《海上刑事法案准则》（草案）。     

英国警务信息共享制度及其对我国的借鉴

信息共享是指为了达到共同的目标，合作伙伴之间进行的一次性或持续的信息交换过程。英国警方将信息共享分为法定义务的信息共享、法定权利的信息共享和一般法的信息共享三个类别。英国警方信息共享制度的优点表现在三个方面：一是以立法授权为前提，确保警务信息共享在规范、合理的轨道上运行；二是清晰的共享流程为警务信息共享提供了细致的操作指南；三是明确的职责给警务信息共享的各方提供了行为规范。这一制度对推进我国公安信息化建设具有直接的借鉴意义。     

Sample Size Determination for Categorical Responses

Abstract:  Procedures are reviewed and recommendations made for the choice of the size of a sample to estimate the characteristics (sometimes known as parameters) of a population consisting of discrete items which may belong to one and only one of a number of categories with examples drawn from forensic science. Four sampling procedures are described for binary responses, where the number of possible categories is only two, e.g., licit or illicit pills. One is based on priors informed from historical data. The other three are sequential. The first of these is a sequential probability ratio test with a stopping rule derived by controlling the probabilities of type 1 and type 2 errors. The second is a sequential variation of a procedure based on the predictive distribution of the data yet to be inspected and the distribution of the data that have been inspected, with a stopping rule determined by a prespecified threshold on the probability of a wrong decision. The third is a two-sided sequential criterion which stops sampling when one of two competitive hypotheses has a probability of being accepted which is larger than another prespecified threshold. The fifth procedure extends the ideas developed for binary responses to multinomial responses where the number of possible categories (e.g., types of drug or types of glass) may be more than two. The procedure is sequential and recommends stopping when the joint probability interval or ellipsoid for the estimates of the proportions is less than a given threshold in size. For trinomial data this last procedure is illustrated with a ternary diagram with an ellipse formed around the sample proportions. There is a straightforward generalization of this approach to multinomial populations with more than three categories. A conclusion provides recommendations for sampling procedures in various contexts.     

字符编码在电子数据司法鉴定中的应用

本文分析了字符的常用编码方法以及如何对各种不同编码方式进行转码和解码，提出了基于字符编码的关键字查询方法，并结合电子数据司法鉴定工作中遇到的实际案例，描述如何通过该方法实现关键字的快速查询。     

An investigation into the accuracy of follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs

This study investigated the accuracy of 3G and 4G follow-on GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)/mobile data CDRs (Call Detail Records) from three UK mobile network operators (EE, Vodafone and Three). Follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs are currently considered to be more open to misinterpretation than voice/SMS CDRs as uncertainties exist regarding the correspondence between the timestamp and the Cell ID presented within the CDRs. Consequently, follow-on GPRS/mobile CDRs may be disregarded during criminal investigations, potentially losing valuable intelligence and evidence. To assess the accuracy of follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs, connected mode RF (Radio Frequency) surveys were conducted while simultaneously producing follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs in a travelling vehicle. This allowed a comparison of the start Cell ID presented in the CDR and the Cell ID that provided coverage to the device at the start time of the CDR to assess the correspondence between the timestamp and the Cell ID presented within the CDRs, and to consider the validity of the terminology used by experts. It was found that individual follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs cannot consistently place a device within the coverage area of the start Cell ID at the start time of the CDR. Instead, the results indicate that a terminology which places the device within the coverage area of the start Cell ID ‘at or before’ the start time of the CDR is appropriate. It is crucial that follow-on GPRS/mobile data CDRs are analysed with this consideration in mind so to interpret the evidence correctly.