法律判断形成的模式

法律判断是应用法律的结果。法律应用包括法律适用和法律发现 ,且主要是法律发现。在法律适用中 ,事实与规范相适应 ,判断可直接通过推论得出 ,这可称为推论模式 ;而在法律发现中 ,由于事实与规范不对称 ,在通过推论得出判断之前 ,先要对事实与规范进行等置 ,使事实一般化 ,将个案向规范提升 ,将规范具体化 ,使规范向个案下延 ,并在两者之间来回审视 ,螺旋式向上发展 ,这就是等置模式。相应地 ,法律判断形成模式包括推论模式和等置模式两种。     

Calculating and Believing: Ideological Norms in the Cradle of Utility Maximization

An individualist approach to political phenomena is not necessarily an economic approach. We can assume that beliefs and commitments as well as selfishness motivate individuals. Ideology provides a basis for individual choice for policy makers and for citizens and is as much a micro-foundation as narrow “self-interest.” Employing a “least-likely” case approach this paper shows that we can find legitimacy and norm-sensitive behavior in the cradle of utility maximization, the firm. In this paper I will lay out some puzzles found in the general areas of business, politics, and policy-making and show how the particular piece of behavior can be understood within the logic of ideological frameworks and the normative acceptability or legitimacy of actions. The purpose is more an “analytical narrative” than a systematic empirical investigation. It suggests the critical importance of examining the normative as well as the self-interest foundation of behavior. To that end, the empirical context of the discussion is provided by business social responsibility, by business participation in elections, by a snapshot of an ideologically driven political career, and by an antibusiness policy decision. The narrative moves from the generosity of business corporations, to foreign-owned corporations' political activity decisions in the host country, to Mrs. Thatcher and the median voter, and finally to the decision to abolish the slave trade.     

Improving Decision Making in Forensic Child Sexual Abuse Evaluations

Mental health professionals can assist legal decision makers in cases of allegations of child sexual abuse by collecting data using forensic interviews, psychological testing, and record reviews, and by summarizing relevant findings from social science research. Significant controversy surrounds another key task performed by mental health professionals in most child sexual abuse evaluations, i.e., deciding whether or not to substantiate unconfirmed abuse allegations. The available evidence indicates that, on the whole, these substantiation decisions currently lack adequate psychometric reliability and validity: an analysis of empirical research findings leads to the conclusion that at least 24% of all of these decisions are either false positive or false negative errors. Surprisingly, a reanalysis of existing research also indicates that it may be possible to develop reliable, objective procedures to improve the consistency and quality of decision making in this domain. A preliminary, empirically-grounded procedure for making substantiation decisions is proposed.     

党内程序如何介入行政程序——论重大行政决策程序与中国共产党重大事项请示报告程序的衔接

《重大行政决策程序暂行条例》第三十一条“重大行政决策出台前应当按照规定向同级党委请示报告”的规定,明确了党内请示报告程序介入行政程序的制度安排。作为衔接党规与国法的新型制度尝试,党内程序介入行政决策程序,既是中国国家治理体系下的必然趋势,又是宪法“本质特征条款”的重要体现。在上述制度安排中,行政决策机关不是以机关的名义履行请示报告程序,而是以决策机关内设的党组名义履行上述程序,在特殊情况下,也可由领导干部以自己的名义向党委请示报告。行政机关重大行政决策事项与党内重大事项报告之间为包含关系,意味着重大行政决策事项作为重大报告事项中的一部分均应履行向党组织请示报告程序,并贯穿于行政决策程序全过程。     

对判决一致作为冲突法价值目标的质疑

法律作为社会生活的产物，其目标只有来源于实际社会生活的需求才能正确发挥为立法、司法指引方向，以及评价法律应用效果的作用。传统冲突法将实现判决一致作为自己的“首要目标”，然而在其发展历程中，这一目标不仅形同虚设，更有被废弃的趋势。其中的原因不仅是它在实践中的困难，更重要的是它脱离了社会现实，建立在了错误的价值前设之上。     

晚近ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决的实证考察——兼谈我国首次被申诉案件的管辖权抗辩

近年来，ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决出现平稳增加的趋势。管辖权是ICSID仲裁庭得以作出有效裁决的基石，投资者和东道国也往往在进入实体争议之前首先就管辖权问题争锋相对。通过对近十年来ICSID仲裁庭的管辖权裁决进行分析，特别是结合公约内容中相关要件的规定，管辖权裁决的特征和趋势逐渐显露。考察晚近ICSID仲裁庭管辖权裁决，有助于分析ICSID仲裁庭自身的运作机制，积累实践案例经验，对于我国首次作为被申诉方参与ICSID进行管辖权抗辩也具有较强的启示作用。     

ERP在企业管理中的应用问题研究

随着信息化社会的发展,企业也越来越重视信息化,因为信息化确实能够给企业带来巨大的效益,而且便于管理者进行决策,因此出现了ERP管理信息系统,它为企业管理提供了一种全新的管理思想和技术手段。目前国内很多企业在实施ERP过程中存在观念陈旧落后、缺少统一的战略规划、ERP软件的适应性不强等问题,必须积极研究对策予以解决。     

The ‘Usual Suspects’

Abstract

A key issue in contemporary criminology is the role that social status, and particularly race, plays in legal processes. Previous research suggests that criminal justice proceedings-including arrest, conviction, and sentencing rates-are influenced by victim and offender race, but rarely examines the role of race in reporting events to the police. The following research uses data from the rape sub-sample of the National Crime Victimization Survey of households 1992-2001; logistic regression analyses are conducted to determine how victim and offender race influence reporting of rape to the police, controlling for other incident characteristics. The findings suggest that rapes with a Black perpetrator are much more likely to be reported to police, regardless of whether the victim is white or Black.     

Vote as you Think: Determinants of Consistent Decision Making in Direct Democracy

This study investigates the conditions under which Swiss citizens take consistent decisions, that is, decisions that reflect their argument‐based opinions, during direct‐democratic ballots. In line with recent work on cognitive political behavior, we expect the drivers of consistent voting to be found at the individual and contextual level. At the individual level, we argue that political knowledge positively affects consistent decisions. At the contextual level, we anticipate a positive effect for campaign intensity, complexity and negativism. We estimate hierarchical logistic models based on VOX survey data (1999‐2005) and original data that captures the nature of political campaigns. Our results support our expectations for the situational level and (partially) for the individual factors.     

Contamination of forensic DNA evidence in the light of Hungarian court decisions – A review of 25 years

The evaluation of forensic DNA expert opinions (in some countries expert witness testimonies) and the way it affects criminal judgement is of paramount importance. We have selected one of the largest challenges when it comes to the evaluation of forensic DNA evidence, contamination of DNA samples, and examined how it influences the decisions judges make about the credibility of DNA evidence in Hungary.