适应WTO规则不断完善我国农村环境法律制度

在WTO规则下,由于各国环境保护的限制,加之我国农村局部地区环境恶化,从而导致我国部分农产品出现质量问题,减少了出口并且难以进入国际市场。为此,我们应当加强我国农村环境立法,提高农产品质量,以消除环境壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响。     

美国推进WTO贸易规则改革的双重路径选择及中国的应对

美国推进贸易规则改革的本质是构建以美国为中心的贸易新格局,以美国利益优先为核心的贸易新规则,根本原因在于美国的经济霸权地位陷入"结构性衰弱".为推动国际贸易规则变革,美国采取了"体制外+体制内"双重路径的战略布局:一是体制外路径采取"渐进改革"方式,建立"双边多元"体制,重定未来贸易规则新蓝本;二是体制内路径采取"激进...     

调控政策、承诺可置信性与信赖利益保护——动态不一致性理论下的宏观调控法治建构进路

随着国家发改委关于制定宏观调控基本法之立法动议的提出,宏观调控的“规则之治”再度引起法学界的关注。然而,对于调控措施在时间序列上的一致性,即调控承诺的可置信性之法理考察仍暂付阙如。依循动态不一致性理论,有必要围绕信息费用约束下的归责原则、责任构造以及立基于知识分工的实施机制确立信赖利益保护,以之作为在调控主体与受体间重新分配违背调控承诺所致损失的分割器,为稳定调控受体预期、提高调控绩效奠定制度基础。     

行政审判依据间的冲突及选择的操作分析

行政诉讼中的法律冲突有合法与非法之分.合法冲突是法律允许存在的冲突,只需按照冲突的一般解决规则选择适用法律即可.非法冲突即法律不允许并存的冲突,只能是承认一方有效,另一方无效.非法冲突表现多样,危害法律权威和行政、司法公正,其产生有立法观念、立法体制、立法技术等法律方面原因,为提高诉讼效率,尽量减少法律冲突带来的危害,我国需要确立一些可操作的选择适用规则.     

Procedural Change in the UK House of Commons, 1811–2015

Recent research has shown an increasing interest in the historical evolution of legislative institutions. The development of the UK Parliament has received particularly extensive attention. In this article, we contribute to this literature in three important ways. First, we introduce a complete, machine-readable data set of all the Standing Orders of the UK House of Commons between 1811 and 2015. Second, we demonstrate how this data set can be used to construct innovative measures of procedural change. Third, we illustrate a potential empirical application of the data set, offering an exploratory test of several expectations drawn from recent theories of formal rule change in parliamentary democracies. We conclude that the new data set has the potential to substantially advance our understanding of legislative reforms in the United Kingdom and beyond.     

“只有被告人供述”案件司法证明的谬误与厘清

我国《刑事诉讼法》第55条规定之目的,在于改善司法机关依赖口供定罪的现状,从而避免刑讯逼供等非法取证行为的发生,真正实现保障人权的基本目标。但是实践中不仅存在仅凭口供定罪的情形,还存在通过异化口供形式或者形式化口供补强,以规避第55条约束的现象。异化的口供形式,本质上仍然是“被告人供述”;形式化的口供补强规则,是以“被告人供述”为中心形成虚假印证。考虑到《刑事诉讼法》的根本目标,应当对第55条进行实质解释,既不能通过异化口供来定案,也不能进行形式化口供补强,将口供作为定案的主要依据。换言之,应当不断降低口供在司法证明中的证明力,积极寻找其他客观性证据,并结合排除合理怀疑的证明要求,从而达到我国的刑事证明标准,才是《刑事诉讼法》第55条的合理适用。     

营商环境视域下自我交易条款之法律适用研究--以区分组织法逻辑与契约法逻辑为视角

司法实践中常对合同自我交易条款的规范性质产生认识分歧,其根源在于混淆了组织规则与契约规则的属性。在组织法逻辑视角下,对合同自我交易条款规范的目的在于规制利益冲突的交易行为进而追究违信责任,而非否定合同效力;在契约法逻辑视角下,对自我交易合同效力的认定应当运用代理制度中的自我代理行为和代理权滥用规则认定为合同效力待定。结合世界银行营商环境评估报告,对我国公司法上忠实义务的司法审查标准应当采取交易公平性原则,同时赋予程序性法律要件即举证责任移转。组织规则与契约规则区分的目的在于划清法律规则的调整场域,防止越俎代庖,为司法实践中审理合同自我交易条款纠纷案件提供参考。     

Rules,institutions and the economic vote: clarifying clarity of responsibility

Abstract

Institutions are thought to matter for vote choice, and work on economic voting is exemplary in this regard. The strength of the economic vote varies considerably cross-nationally and this seems to emanate from differences in the clarity of responsibility. Still, this conceptual frame, dominant in the field, appears to have some cracks. First, almost all work presents analyses of the economic vote in smaller, split samples of low- and high-clarity contexts separately. Second, the literature appears rather dispersed when the conceptual and empirical indicators are examined. The article attempts to overcome these limitations by analysing a large pool of democratic elections with a series of objective indicators. It investigates these indicators separately, and as components within two cumulative indices (institutional rules and power patterns). The results indicate that, even though there are indications of differences in the strength of the economic vote in high- and low-clarity contexts respectively, institutional rules or power patterns fail to significantly deflect the overall electoral impact of economic growth.     

The counterterrorism agreements of Europol with third countries: Data protection and power asymmetry

This article investigates empirically the impact of power asymmetry and interest formation in the European Union’s (EU) external relations with third countries in the context of the Europol data exchange and counterterrorism agreements. It focuses on three countries, namely the United States, Turkey, and Morocco, which each have a different level of counterterrorism cooperation with the EU. This article argues that the EU acts as a pragmatic actor with regard to Europol’s data exchange agreements with third countries, and that the power asymmetry between the EU and the third country under question determines the extent of the EU’s flexibility. If the power asymmetry favours the EU, then it insists on its data protection demands. Otherwise, the EU is more flexible towards its counterparts on data protection issues.     

证据评价问题探究

在自由证明方式下,法官评判证据的自由是相对于机械的法定证据规则的束缚而言的,决不意味着法官可以随心所欲地评判证据.法官评价证据的范围主要限于证明力而极少涉及证据能力;评价的内容是证据的可靠性和证明力强弱;评价的主要依据是经验法则,评价的方法是综合判断.剖析并探究证据评价的过程,对于我们构建相应的制约机制,防止法官滥用自由,具有重要意义.