国际私法中的识别问题初探

识别是国际私法的一个基本问题。在涉外民事案件的处理中,识别冲突是普遍存在的现象。识别冲突具有多方面的成因,解决识别;中突的理论也各有千秋,但也均有不足之处。识别问题不仅对适用冲突规范具有意义,而且对确定管辖也有影响。     

村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿的困境与出路—以人权保障为视角

人权的核心理念在于维护人之为人的尊严,自由与平等的和谐统一是和谐人权的本质特征与必然要求。“农嫁女”征地补偿歧视与村民自治的矛盾是村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿困境的主要表现,这种困境的实质在于自由与平等价值的背离。村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿保障的出路,应以和谐人权为其宪政依据,只有通过对和谐人权意识的培养才能逐步建立完善村规民约“农嫁女”征地补偿保障的相关制度。     

从“证据法学”走向“证明法学”——证据法学研究的基本趋势

英美法系国家的证据理论正在将关注的重点由证据可采性规则转向证明过程。大陆法系国家的证据理论关注的重点始终在于证明规则。我国的证据理论先后经历了萌芽阶段、"以证据为中心"的阶段以及"证据与证明并重"的阶段,到本世纪初又有了新的发展,呈现出"以证明为中心"的态势。证据法学研究的基本趋势是从"证据法学"走向"证明法学",我国未来的证据法学研究必须顾及到这种研究重心的转移。     

论我国遗产范围立法的完善

值此我国《继承法》正被修改之际,提出修改、完善立法的建议：遗产范围涵盖被继承人生前债务的观点,不符合我国民众对遗产内涵的理解和我国法律对遗产界定的传统习惯,故不宜被采纳。对于立法模式的选择,宜采取正面概括与反面排除相结合的模式,删除现有对财产种类的列举性规定,新设反面的排除性规定,同时明确被继承人之人身专属性财产的除外地位;对于遗产的性质界定,应删除“合法”二字的限定词,补充财产占有也属于遗产的范围;对于遗产范围的具体内容,应当增设不完全遗产的一般规定,专门明确其概念,然后分别在遗产分割和必遗份（或特留份）制度中具体规定不完全遗产的主要内容,包括归扣或扣减的主体、标的、免除及方法等。     

Thickening Civil Society: Explaining the Development of Associational Life in Mexico

Scholarship has demonstrated the important role that associational life has played in democratic transitions, democratic consolidation, and making democracy work. Unfortunately, however, many countries that have recently completed the transition to democracy lack a strong history of autonomous associations. Given their importance, this research seeks to understand how nonprofit organizations emerge in current-day Mexico, a recent transition country with a traditionally weak associational life, historically controlled by the state. Through a comparison of four Mexican cities this research finds that a transition from one-party rule to competitive elections was necessary to break the incentives for clientelism. Even following the transition, however, the persistence of informal rules from the old regime operating in both government and society restricts the opportunities available to potential ‘public entrepreneurs’. As a result, such entrepreneurs are highly dependent on already existing social infrastructure to obtain necessary human, organizational, and financial resources.     

文义解释的司法操作技术规则

经过长期的法学理论阐发与司法实践尝试和检验,逐步形成了一系列指引和规范文义解释司法运用的操作技术规则,主要包括语法规则、语义学规则、概括性法律用语规则.通过运用一系列以明晰的规则表达的文义解释操作技术,法律文本的意义模糊问题得以消解,有助于提高司法裁判质量,维护司法正义.文义解释规则化操作表征着,实体正义恰以形式正义为前提条件而获保障.     

Parliamentary Rule: The US Senate Parliamentarian and Institutional Constraints on Legislator Behaviour

This article analyses the extent to which institutional rules constrain member behaviour in the United States Senate by examining the evolution of its parliamentarian. Interestingly, the US Senate parliamentarian has received surprisingly little scholarly attention given the important role she performs in the legislative process. The subsequent analysis thus provides a new understanding of the parliamentarian's role in the legislative process and the interplay between institutional rules and member behaviour in the Senate. To this end, the following analysis is situated within the context of the two primary theoretical approaches to understanding how institutional rules constrain member behaviour: path dependency and majoritarianism. These contrasting approaches provide expectations about the extent to which members will defer to the parliamentarian's interpretation of Senate rules rather than exercising their own discretionary control over those rules. Examining the evolving relationship between the parliamentarian and individual members affirms the centrality of institutional rules as a constraint on member behaviour over the past several decades. Yet such an examination also yields two surprising, and potentially contradictory, observations. First, individual senators in both parties have increasingly deferred to the parliamentarian to interpret the Senate's rules. This is surprising given that the Senate has simultaneously become more individualistic, partisan, and ideological over the same period. Second, the majority party has recently disregarded the norm of parliamentary constraint reflected in past practice and demonstrated a willingness to ignore Senate rules when doing so was necessary to achieve legislative success. This could signify a potential shift in how majorities view the constraints imposed by Senate rules if current trends of legislative dysfunction continue.     

美国对外国国家的送达制度

美国《外国主权豁免法》明确规定了对外国国家的送达程序,以区别于《联邦民事诉讼法》中的送达程序。这些特殊的送达规则以及送达实践强调被送达的外国国家实际接收和接受送达的效果,更加注重程序公正,在某种程度上给予外国国家更多的正当程序保障,增强审判程序和判决的可接受性,减少或避免国家豁免诉讼可能带来的政治风险。中国应对在美国法院被诉时,应当充分利用美国《外国主权豁免法》中的送达规则和实践,更好地维护我国的尊严和主权。     

执行人员对目击证人辨认结果的影响及规制

根据《人民检察院刑事诉讼规则》和《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》的有关规定,辨认应当在侦查人员的主持之下进行。但心理学研究表明,为了消除辨认过程中执行人员对辨认人的暗示性影响,应由侦查人员之外的其他人员主持辨认过程。英、美等国借鉴心理学研究成果,确立了辨认中的双盲规则,较好地保证了辨认结果的准确性。中国的辨认制度应当以心理学研究成果为根据,修改由侦查人员主持辨认程序的规定,确立辨认程序中的双盲规则。     

强迫——屈从型虚假供述的心理学解读

强迫——屈从型虚假供述是警察审讯室中出现较多的虚假供述类型,也是造成冤假错案的罪魁祸首。其产生与犯罪嫌疑人的服从、受暗示性和本能的生存需求紧密相关,但更多的是警察的强迫审讯策略所致。赋予犯罪嫌疑人审讯阶段辩护权并建立合理的讯问规则是减少审讯室中强迫——屈从型虚假供述的有效对策。