关于青年志愿服务的教育学思考

从教育学理论视角来分析,青年志愿服务离不开三大教育理论的支撑,即涉及青年的全面发展学说、教育与生产劳动相结合学说、服务社会是现代大学重要功能学说。这是青年志愿服务兴起与发展的理论基础和行动之源。     

Civic engagement and participation among Ghanaian and Kenyan students and their correlates

This article examines levels of civic engagement among university students in Ghana and Kenya and identifies factors that may account for their civic engagement. Overall, the students reported low civic engagement, with the Kenyans reporting higher engagement. Demographic factors (gender and age) and personal values hardly contributed to the students’ civic engagement. Political interest and attentiveness, barriers and motivation towards participation made a consistent and significant contribution to political participation and future participation. Furthermore, trust, social endorsement and social efficacy showed a consistent and significant contribution to civic engagement. The findings underscore the need to work towards getting the youth more engaged.     

Young British Partisan Attitudes to Negative Election Campaign Advertising: A Tri-Party Perspective

This article presents an empirical investigation of young partisan first-time voter attitudes toward the use of negative attack advertising in a British general election. Partisanship, particularly in relation to negative advertising and third-party effects, is significantly under-researched, yet it advances understanding of youth electoral interaction. Our study confirms that young British partisans are not passive recipients of information, but are actively involved in information processing, interpretation, and counter arguing. Our findings also highlight a third-party effect among young partisans in their evaluation of the attack advertising. Overall our young partisans broadly reject image-attack election ads, which raises a “health warning” on its use in future election campaigning. The findings of this study are of significant interest to election campaign strategists in their planning for future elections and to political researchers striving to advance understanding within the field of political marketing.     

Differential Online Exposure to Extremist Content and Political Violence: Testing the Relative Strength of Social Learning and Competing Perspectives

The present study applies Social Learning (Differential Association) Theory to the explanation of political violence, focusing on exposure to extremist content through new social media (NSM) and controlling for key variables derived from rival theories. Data are gathered using (a) a paper-and-pencil study among high school students, and (b) a web survey targeting youths between 16 and 24 years old. A total of 6020 respondents form the dataset. Binary logistic regression is used to analyze the data. Results show that even when controlling for background variables, strain variables, personality characteristics, moral values, and peer influences, the statistical association between measures of extremism through NSM (ENSM) and self-reported political violence remains significant and fairly constant. The most persistent effects are found for those measures where individuals actively seek out extremist content on the Internet, as opposed to passive and accidental encounters using NSM. Furthermore, offline differential associations with racist and delinquent peers are also strongly and directly related to self-reported political violence, as are some mechanisms from rival perspectives. This indicates that political violence can only partially be explained by social learning and suggests that the impact of ENSM is mediated by real-world associations and that the offline world has to be taken into account.     

The Use of Entheseal Changes in the Femur and Os Coxa for Age Assessment

This study examined the relationship between age and entheseal modifications in the femur and os coxa for estimating age at death. Five areas on the os coxa and four on the femur were scored in 200 white individuals over 40 years of age. Statistical analyses assessed the relationship between age and entheseal modification using both raw scores and scores adjusted for body size, for each sex, and for sexes combined. Results indicate that significant relationships exist between age and entheseal modification at three sites on the femur and four on the os coxae, but the relationships are not strong enough to generate age predictions. Conversely, the most severe entheseal modifications show promise as an indicator of age in older adults. Although further research is needed using larger samples for robust statistical analyses, current data indicate these modifications can suggest an age >60, or in some cases 70, years.     

A Comparison of Different Age Estimation Methods of the Adult Pelvis

The adult human pelvis is useful to estimate age because it contains three age indicators—the pubic symphysis, auricular surface, and acetabulum. This study tested the accuracy, inaccuracy, and bias of age estimation from the Suchey‐Brooks pubic symphysis, Osborne auricular surface, Rissech and Calce acetabulum aging methods, and a summary age of these indicators. The study sample consisted of 212 White individuals with known age and sex from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. The Rissech method performed the best, was the most accurate method with smallest inaccuracy and bias, followed by the Osborne, Suchey‐Brooks, summary age, and then Calce methods. Though the Pearson correlation showed only the Suchey‐Brooks method to correlate significantly with known age, it is likely the Suchey‐Brooks study sample coincidentally reflected the age distribution of this test sample. Results suggested that Bayesian prediction may improve age estimation and should be applied to other age indicators.     

Time‐dependent Expression of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 after Rats Skeletal Muscle Contusion and Their Application to Determine Wound Age

The ability to determine vitality and estimate the survival period after a wound is critical in routine forensic practice. The mRNA levels of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 were examined using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR to determine the age of a wound. Furthermore, the colocalization of them with Macrophage Marker, respectively, was detected by double immunofluorescence, and a standardized rat model of skeletal muscle contusion was established. In the antemortem contused groups, a large number of macrophages showed positive staining for MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2, and the expression of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 mRNA increased sharply at 3 days postinjury, with relative quantities of 5.75 and 2.98. No samples in the other groups showed relative quantities of >5.75 and 2.98; therefore, relative quantities exceeding 5.75 and 2.98 were strongly indicated 3 days after contusion. In addition, there was a significant decrease in the relative quantity in the postmortem contused groups, indicating that they were useful for diagnosing vitality.     

Portrait of the Accused as a Young Man: New Zealand’s Harsh Treatment of Young People who Commit Serious Crimes

Abstract

This article argues that although New Zealand’s unique youth justice system generally considers the whole picture of a young offender and responds holistically to the offending, in the case of those accused of serious crimes, the system draws a limited picture that depicts the young offender as a ‘young adult’. These young people are sentenced in adult courts, where their youth, inexperience and potential for rehabilitation are far less influential than they are in a youth court. The result is harsh treatment of some extremely vulnerable young people, which breaches New Zealand’s international obligations. That harsh treatment is particularly problematic, given its hugely disproportionate effect on Māori youth.     

数字技术竞争与东亚安全秩序

地区安全秩序是相应区域内国家维持本国安全和地区稳定的互动模式。进入21世纪以来,东亚安全秩序逐渐呈现出以战略对冲为核心特征的互动模式,即地区国家通过有上限的竞争和有底线的合作维护自身安全和地区稳定。不过,随着人类社会加速进入数字时代,美国自2018年以来全面打压甚至遏制中国数字技术的实力发展和全球影响。在数字技术竞争背景下,东亚安全秩序虽面临新的冲击,但中国和东亚国家的政策选择并未脱离既有的安全战略模式。在进入数字时代的过程中,东亚安全秩序展现出较强的延续性,其主要原因来自两个方面：一是东亚安全秩序的形成基础并未弱化甚至有所巩固和强化;二是数字技术竞争背景下美国的战略选择和实力特点,使得东亚国家深化与美国的数字合作面临更大的不确定性,从而进一步强化了东亚国家维持既有战略模式的倾向。这些发现在一定程度上拓展了中国对数字时代东亚秩序和国际秩序转型的理论认识,同时也对进入数字时代过程中如何妥善处理中美关系和周边关系具有一定的启发意义。