The Challenge of Measuring Media Exposure: Reply to Dilliplane,Goldman, and Mutz

Political communication research has long been plagued by inaccurate self-reports of media exposure. Dilliplane, Goldman, and Mutz (2013) Dilliplane, S., Goldman, S. and Mutz, D. 2013. Televised exposure to politics: New measures for a fragmented media environment. American Journal of Political Science, 57: 236–248. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] propose a new survey-based measure of “televised exposure to politics” that avoids some of the features that lead to self-report error and that has already been adopted by the American National Election Study. Yet the validity of the new measure has not been independently tested. An analysis reveals several weaknesses. First, construct validity of the new measure is low because it does not attempt to measure the amount of exposure to news programs, news channels, or news overall. Second, its convergent validity is poor by several different criteria. For example, the new measure shows barely any increase in news exposure as the 2008 presidential election approached. Third, the authors' criterion for predictive validity is neither necessary nor sufficient. Dilliplane, Goldman, and Mutz are right that measuring the media exposure of survey respondents in a valid and reliable way is critical for progress in political communication research. But given the inability of many respondents to report their own exposure, it is necessary to monitor the media use of survey respondents automatically.     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Protective and Risk Factors in 18 Survivors of a Plane Crash

The aim of this study is to identify protective and risk factors related to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on a sample of survivors from a single plane crash. Eighteen survivors were examined 6 months following the event. The subjects all underwent psychiatric interviews, Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale structured interviews, personality and cognitive tests. Only 38.9% of them presented with all of the symptoms of PTSD; 22.2% showed no symptoms for PTSD; remaining survivors exhibited emotional/affective symptoms related to the event. In addition to the severity of the traumatic event itself, other risk factors identified were the loss of a relative, the manifestation of depressive symptoms, and the severity of physical injuries sustained. Low levels of hostility and high levels of self‐efficacy represented protective factors against developing PTSD.     

名誉侵权中的公共利益目的抗辩——新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的特殊免责事由

《民法典》第1025条规定了针对新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的公共利益目的抗辩,首次将新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的特殊免责事由写入法律。它需要弥补此前实务中引入的公众人物理论的不足,提供确定性规则。依据宪法,名誉权与表达自由均未被赋予绝对优先的地位,公共利益目的抗辩需要平衡好两者的关系。在适用时,可通过价值填充与规则再造实现法规范的进一步具体化。前者指根据法规范的目的及内容完成价值填充,后者指限缩案件范围,区分公共利益的界定主体与确认主体,将公共利益目的抗辩融入我国侵权责任法体系中,在个案中审慎开展利益衡量。     

政府信息公开机制中危机新闻发言人制度研究

当各种突发事件和公共危机频繁触动人们的神经,成为时下社会最为敏感的话题时,人们不得不更为虔诚地相信和依赖政府。政府如何满足社会公众对信息公开、透明的需求,在危机管理中把握舆论导向、巩固和完善政府形象、保持社会稳定和谐有序地运转,危机新闻发言人制度就被特别提上政府议程,成为当下政府化危机为转机的关键。     

美国法上“记者”的含义

在美国各州,记者享有在法庭上拒绝作证的权利,因此,哪些人是记者,即法律上确定"记者"的含义非常重要。美国存在联邦和州两个法律体系。在联邦法律体系中,至今不承认记者有拒证权。而在各州的法律体系中,36个州和哥伦比亚特区存在保护记者拒证权的"盾牌法"。根据立法和判例,美国法律认为所有以从事大众传播为目的的媒体记者都可以是记者,无论是出版社、报刊、广播、电视还是互联网站、博客或者其他电子媒体。个人要成为实质上的记者必须具备两个条件:一是实际参与了将要发表或者已经发表的报道的调查与采访;二是在开始收集新闻的过程中就有将报道向公众传播的明确意图。记者也不总是那些已经发表了作品的人,对于有证据证明,其调查、采访、写作的目的是为了完成作品向大众传播,那么无论他处于调查、采访、写作的哪个阶段,他都是"记者",可以享受记者拒证权。     

记者=新闻民工?——对我国当下媒体与记者关系的思考

社会发展需要并刺激着媒体发展,而媒体行业的看涨无疑又刺激更多的人选择这一职业。似乎媒体的发展与记者的关系是良性的促进,但事实并非如此。市场经济的条件下,一方面,花钱就能挖到名记者,名记者也能要到更高身价;另一方面,记者却在不断抱怨自己的生存环境越来越差,甚至有人以“民工”自比。在市场规律和经济杠杆的作用之下,媒体和记者应该是怎样的一种关系,双方应该以何种态度来面对彼此呢?本文试就这一问题稍作探求。     

Attitudes,Perceptions, and Preferences of Individuals from Temuco (Chile) About Denture Marking

Denture marking (DM) helps identify edentulous people with different methods. Analyzing perceptions and attitudes of denture wearers would enable understanding of the practical aspects, an analysis still absent in South America. Fifty‐three individual candidates for removable dentures were instructed on disaster victim identification (DVI) and the usefulness of DM for this purpose. They were physically shown eight DM systems and a questionnaire to which they responded by highlighting preferences in those systems. Although 98.11% did not know that dentures could be marked, only 9.43% denied interest in some type of DM. The 90.57% would mark their dentures with some system, preferring the inclusion of QR codes or a micro SIM card. The proven weaknesses of DVI and propensity for disaster mean this community in Chile is an opportunity to implement DM systems. Obstacles may come not from patients but from their dentists, educational institutions, or a lack of public policies.     

试论新闻媒体侵权现象及其法律预防

新闻媒介在社会主义事业建设过程中 ,极大地发挥了自己舆论监督的职能 ,但是新闻侵权事件的屡屡发生 ,使得我们开始对媒介的舆论监督地位进行反思 ,新闻工作者在工作中要防止新闻侵权 ,避免新闻官司 ,必须强化法律意识 ,并将法律意识自觉地、充分地运用到舆论监督中去 ,维护新闻舆论监督的公正性。本文从法理角度对新闻媒介的表达自由与法制建设的关系以及新闻侵权的法律预防等方面进行了系统的阐述。     

The Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Examination of the Daegu Subway Disaster (2003, Korea)*

Abstract: Meticulous recovery of victims in the Daegu subway disaster was possible, because charred and fragmented victims were left in situ. Because bodies were piled one over another within the train, appropriate methodology during the recovery was critical to identifying the victims. The disaster area was thoroughly documented with notes, photographs, and schematic drawings of the various locations. The recovery team, comprising two medical examiners and one forensic anthropologist, decided when charred body parts and cremated bones were linked to the same individual based on the anatomy and forensic anthropological examination. Without these recovery procedures, it would not have been possible to efficiently harvest representative DNA sample from most of the victims’ body parts. After the entire process of identification, 136 victims were positively identified, and six victims remained unidentified. This study supports the crucial role of forensic anthropologists in the recovery of victims, especially in fire scenes.     

公共危机事件中政府新闻发布研究

近年来,我国公共危机事件频发,俨然已朝着常态化方向发展。而作为人民利益的代表者,政府必须在公共危机事件爆发时采取必要的危机公关措施。新闻发布是政府开展危机公关活动的一个重要的手段。我国政府就公共危机事件而进行的新闻发布机制虽然已日渐成熟,但在诸多的新闻发布活动中还存着以沉默为主、报喜不报忧、报道时效性不足等诸多问题,惯性的政治思想、信息披露的权责不清、新闻发布机制的不完善是造成这些问题的主要原因。鉴此,我国政府必须转变政治思维、完善新闻发布机制、理清信息披露职责,从而为危机公关顺利开展奠定基础。