学生认识信念研究新进展

认识信念是指学习者对知识、学习现象和经验所持有的直觉、潜在的认识,涉及对知识和学习的本质、形式、过程、条件、结果评价等一系列问题的认识.在综述认识信念形成及发展的影响因素的基础上,重点介绍了Bendlixen提出的认识信念的动态整合模型以及通过教学干预引导学生认识信念转变的实证研究.未来这一领域的研究,首先应关注概念界定与结构探讨,其次应关注年幼儿童认识信念的研究,同时还应关注实践应用.对我国的儿童青少年做追踪研究,揭示其认识信念的发展趋势,也将是一个重要的研究方向.     

The determinants of fiscal transparency in Chinese city-level governments

ABSTRACT

The transparency of the fiscal performance of governments has attracted attention from researchers, policy-makers and practitioners around the world. This study examines the determinants of fiscal transparency in the city-level governments of China, which has become a key issue in the drive to modernise the Chinese state. Employing cross-sectional data from the 2017 Statistical Yearbooks published by the official statistical institutions and the 2017 Fiscal transparency report of city-level governments edited by the Tsinghua University, this study finds that economic development, economic openness, and dependence on transfer payments are associated with weaker fiscal transparency. Large cities, those with high levels of internet usage and cities higher up within the Chinese administrative hierarchy are associated with stronger fiscal transparency. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Solving the security–democracy dilemma: the US foreign policy in Tunisia post-9/11

Abstract

Scholarly consensus postulates a sharp contrast exists between liberal values and realist interests in US foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which finds its expression in the ‘security–democracy’ dilemma.? This means the US rhetorical determination to abide by the values of a ‘liberal’ foreign policy is neutralised by the ‘realist’ priority of maintaining US strategic interests, which requires support for friendly authoritarian rulers. Scholarship tends to apply this reasoning indistinctly to the entire region, providing an encompassing framework of analysis for understanding US foreign policy, which is valid across time and space. This study challenges this theoretical assumption and argues that while the US might indeed have a comprehensive regional approach in the MENA, the resulting foreign policy follows country-based trajectories that respond to national specificities and the perceived implications for US strategic interests. Exploring US foreign policy in the MENA after 9/11, the article demonstrates that while the US emphasis on liberalism crumbled when faced with security issues, the US liberal approach to Tunisia unfolded more consistently. Although the US continued formal cooperation with Ben Ali’s regime, it empowered at the same time a coalition of democratic opponents, solving the security–democracy dilemma and positively influencing the Tunisian democratisation.     

罪名确定模式的困境与超越

罪名及罪名确定的合理界定是研究罪名确定模式的理论平台。我国采取以默示型为原则,以明示型为例外的罪名确定模式。为了弥补默示型罪名确定模式的缺陷,＂两高＂通过罪名司法化推动罪名的规范和统一,但是,罪名司法化模式不仅面临理论上的质疑,在实践中也存在罪名滞后、罪名冲突和罪名偏离的困境。罪名立法化的成功转型是回应理论质疑和突围实践困境的利器。     

当代法学的历史使命——以中国法治建设为指向的法对策学思考

法学的历史使命是维护并阐释某种法治秩序。当代法学首先是根植于中国法律实践,阐释实践中的两个法律样本即技术性样本和政治性样本。政治性样本始终与现实的政治话语纠葛在一起,但作为一种政治智慧,要将社会问题司法化,同时避免司法问题的泛政治化,特别是不能超越法律规范。从这个角度说,法律可以被利用,但却不能被违反。纵观法治建设的历史,有革命式和渐进式两种模式。中国法治建设不能生拉硬扯,应该顺应历史和时空条件,走中国特色的渐进式法治之道。在经济改革拉动下的私法制度基本形成之后,下一步,应该在社会建设和政治改革的推进下,寻找建构法治秩序的突破口,完善社会法域和公法域的基本制度,在实践中形成中国式的法治秩序。     

略论我国产业结构调整的国际法环境——从日本避税地对策税制的适用态势转变谈起

产业结构调整已经成为我国的重大经济发展战略，加工贸易企业的转型升级在其中承担着极其重要的作用。加工贸易企业的转型升级，一方面是我国经济结构转型的必须，另一方面也是国际法环境发展变化趋势使然。结合近几年日本避税地对策税制对涉华加工贸易的日本企业进行适用的典型案例——船井电机股份有限公司案，从日本避税地对策税制对涉华日企的适用态势的截然转变中，分析我国加工贸易企业转型升级所面临的严峻国际法环境，论述我国产业结构调整的紧迫性。     

非传统安全背景下反恐警务的构建

随着经济社会的迅猛发展,新情况、新问题层出不穷,非传统安全也应运而生。恐怖主义作为非传统安全中的重要内容,从产生之初就成为危害世界安全的一个毒瘤。传统的安全警务模式相对滞后,容易造成警务活动的被动,难以有效地控制、处置恐怖主义犯罪。为此,要努力建立新型的反恐警务,以适应非传统安全下的安全需求。     

关于紧急避险核心要件“不得已”研究

鉴于紧急避险具有损害无辜第三人合法利益的行为属性,因而对紧急避险适用条件必须进行严格的限制,其中＂不得已＂则是关键的限定要件。不得已要求避险人在没有其他更为合理的办法排除急迫危险时才允许适用紧急避险,这种紧急避险适用的为难和谨慎受困于不得已内在属性即唯一性、被动性和节俭性的制约。不得已成立需要具备急迫性、社会相当性、限度性和效果性等四个构成要素;而对于不得已存在的判断,应坚持以客观为主、主观为辅的判断模式,才能对紧急避险适用的正当性给予客观公正的定位。     

Officers’ memory and stress in virtual lethal force scenarios: Implications for policy and training

ABSTRACT

Sworn law enforcement officers (N?=?151) were exposed to two different simulated lethal force encounters, a motorcycle-traffic-stop (MTS) and a workplace violence incident. Workplace violence incidents (WPV) consisted of two versions: an original version (WVO) and an enhanced version (WVE) with additional tactile and auditory stimuli within the simulation environment. Officers’ recognition memory (immediate and 48?h later), perceived stress, and physiological stress responses were examined. Delayed reporting led to impaired memory for event information in the MTS and perpetrator information in the WVE simulation. Moreover, perpetrator information was remembered more accurately than event information. Two physiological stress markers – alpha amylase and immunoglobulin-a – were correlated with memory for the simulated experiences; however, cortisol and interleukin-6 were not. These findings support current theory related to arousal and memory suggesting that officers should be interviewed as soon as reasonably possible after a lethal force incident. Implications for legal parameters in defining a ‘reasonable officer’ exerting lethal force are considered.     

依法行政与公共服务型乡镇的构建

建立公共服务型的乡镇政府是农村社会发展的必然选择,而公共服务型政府是严格建立在法律基础上并且履行法律义务的政府。研究依法行政与公共服务型乡镇政府的关系,以及如何通过完善依法行政的建设来促进公共服务型乡镇政府的构建,在新时期无疑具有重大意义。