基层检察机关廉政文化建设研究

检察机关作为国家的法律监督机关,既肩负着反腐倡廉的历史使命,又面临着自身建设与反腐工作的巨大挑战。在开展党的群众路线过程中,一些基层检察机关不同程度地暴露出诸如作风不正、纪律不严、执法不实、行为不廉等与党的群众路线不相符甚至对立等问题,一些领导干部、检察人员的形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风依然盛行,这既严重损害了检察机关的良好形象和执法公信力,也严重阻碍了检察工作的健康持续发展。因此,检察机关需凝聚反腐工作共识,着力加强检察廉政精神文化、行为文化、制度文化和物态文化建设,努力营造以廉为荣、以贪为耻的检察机关廉政文化氛围。     

论毛泽东思想中蕴含的生态文明建设思想

新中国成立以来,特别是改革开放以来,我国的工业得到了迅猛的发展,并取得了极大的历史成就,然而,伴随而来的环境破坏不得不给人民敲响了环保意识的警钟。事实上,生态环境问题要追溯到20世纪五六十年代,那时的国民经济刚刚步入正轨,国家工业化也是刚刚起步,环境污染问题只在局部地区出现而未引起广泛关注。然而,作为党的第一代领导集体核心,毛泽东敏感地察觉到此时环境保护的重要性,并提出了植树造林、水利建设、控制人口、开垦荒地等有关环境保护的言论。这些言论为中国特色社会主义生态文明建设打下了重要的理论基础,给党的生态文明建设思想积累了宝贵的经验,为我国社会主义现代化建设提供了重要的理论指导。     

国家建设与国家治理

中共十八届三中全会和四中全会所推出的“国家治理现代化”和“依法治国”概念,集中体现了新一届中央领导层治国理念的核心思想,也预示了未来中国政府改革的方向。从“国家建设”和“国家治理”的角度予以解读,并从国家运行“动力系统”和“制动系统”平衡、国家“上层制度”和“基础制度”构建、国家治理“传统方式”向“现代方式”转变的角度,说明国家治理改革的目标和任务,认为把“国家治理现代化”和“依法治国”作为施政理念,表明了执政当局对现代政治文明核心价值的认可,表达了执政党把中国送入法治轨道的意愿和决心。     

Advancing Knowledge through Grassroots Experiments: Connecting Culture and Sustainability

Since 2006, hundreds of communities in Canada have produced Integrated Community Sustainability Plans, based on a four-pillar model of sustainability and developed in consultation with residents and stakeholders. These community-based experiments have developed models, knowledge, and insights about the place of culture in local sustainability. Both conceptual thinking and planning practices regarding the role of culture in sustainable communities were at an embryonic stage when these initiatives took place. The discussions, plans, and implementation processes have advanced both theory and “leading edge” practices with regard to culture and community sustainability, illustrating the importance of a robust relationship between research and practice.     

Conclusion: agency,context and emergent post-uprising regimes

This conclusion summarizes the evidence explaining the divergent trajectories taken by post Arab uprising states in terms of multiple variables, each illustrated by an iconic case, namely: State Failure and Competitive governance (Syria), Regime Restoration and Hybrid Governance (Egypt) and Polyarchic Governance (Tunisia). Factors include the starting point: levels of opposition mobilization and regimes' resilience – a function of their patrimonial-bureaucratic balance; whether or not a transition coalition forms is crucial for democratization prospects. Context also matters for democratization, particularly political economic factors, such as a balance of class power and a productive economy; political culture (level of societal identity cleavages) and a minimum of international intervention. Finally, the balance of agency between democracy movements, Islamists, the military and workers shapes democratization prospects.     

朱元璋的制度反腐及其教训

鉴于元朝灭亡的教训,朱元璋力图从制度上预防与惩治贪污腐败。他制定低俸禄与低办公经费制度强迫官员保持节俭的作风,以严酷的法律惩治贪污腐败,并建立了一个完善的监察系统搜集官员腐败的证据。朱元璋的制度建设虽然对遏制贪污腐败起到了一定震慑作用,但即使是在朱元璋时代,贪污行为也屡发不绝。朱元璋过世后,低俸禄与低办公经费成为官员贪腐的正当理由,严酷的反贪法律的执行因为完全取决于皇帝的态度实际上也逐渐废止了,监察制度也变成了党争的工具。尽管如此,朱元璋的制度反腐仍然为今天的廉政建设提供了可资借鉴的经验与教训:反腐教育应当常抓不懈,反腐应摆脱依赖个人意志的法律,注意保持官员的适当工资水平。     

公共治理视角下的预防腐败体系建构

从权力的角度看,腐败是权力的异化。公共治理具有多元化、网络化、互动性的特征,为建构预防腐败体系提供了新的理论视角。权力、制度、法律和伦理是权力运行过程中对腐败的产生与治理都有着重要影响的四个维度。其中权力与法律侧重于内外互动,制度与伦理侧重于内部整合。四者融汇交织,形成网络式互动,产生对权力运行过程的修正作用。以此建构一套预防腐败体系,是克服传统反腐模式重惩治轻预防、重政治动员轻制度建设等弊端的有力举措。