Investments in Global Warming Mitigation: The Case of “Activities Implemented Jointly”

This paper examines bilateral cooperation between developed countries (home country) and developing countries (host country) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance carbon dioxide sinks. With the home-host country pair as the unit of analysis, our logistic regression model examines 158 Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) investment projects from 1993 until 2002 across 2541 country-pairs. Because the marginal costs of reducing emissions may be lower in developing countries, the AIJ projects served as a policy laboratory to assess whether such investments might be advantageous to both countries in the event future regimes allowed emission credits from such bilateral projects. Instead of investing in home countries where maximum pollution reductions (or carbon sequestration) might be possible, home countries invest in locations where they can conduct their policy experiments at low transaction costs. Prior trade and aid relationships were used as a proxy. Regarding energy projects, location decisions are driven by home countries’ desire to reduce air pollution that they receive from abroad. Geography – proximity of a host country to a home country – in interaction with host country's coal production, is a very important driver of location decision in AIJ energy sector projects. Location of sequestration projects is impacted by the host country's potential for avoiding deforestation as well as by previous aid and trade patterns between a home and a host country. Proximity is not important in this case.     

Regulatory Commitment to Negotiated Agreements: Evidence from the United States, Germany, The Netherlands, and France

Negotiated Agreements (NAs) are arrangements between firms and regulators in which firms voluntarily agree to reduce their pollution. This article analyzes the institutional features that facilitate or hamper the implementation of NAs. We illustrate the analysis with case studies on the implementation of NAs in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. We find that NAs are implemented when regulators are able to commit credibly to the objectives of NAs. Institutional environments marked by fragmentation of power and open access in policymaking reduce regulatory credibility and thus hamper the implementation of NAs.     

Commonwealth Small States,Education and Environmental Uncertainty: Learning from the Sharp End

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the Commonwealth’s inclusive role in engaging with the distinctive challenges of education provision in small states, an agenda that is often neglected elsewhere. We examine the origins of Commonwealth work on education in small states, the nature of its comparative advantage, its role in facilitating small states’ engagement with international education dialogue and regional co-operation, and the demand and potential for ongoing Commonwealth support for education. Particular attention is given to experience within the Caribbean region and to the potential for the Commonwealth and the wider international community to learn from small states in the light of their distinctive educational challenges, achievements and priorities – and, most notably, their experience at the ‘sharp end’ of environmental uncertainty and climate change.     

汉学涵义辩正——兼论峻立汉学家法的思想史意义

明末清初,我国学界出现了一股摒弃宋明理学、竞尚古经的思潮,延至乾嘉,终成气象,史称:朴学思潮。很久以来,人们亦习惯以“汉学”名之。其实,清儒标榜“汉学”,并非单纯地意指汉代学术,而是在张扬一种崇尚,于内表现为学术理念,于外规制为学术范型,亦即形式上以考据为正统,观念上推崇汉儒经解,本质则是求真,同时还表达了强烈的“非宋学”含义。朴学的“汉学”化改造,完成于乾隆年间,最典型的标志是惠栋峻立汉学家法,可用二十字简括,即明源流、笃信汉、从古字、审古音、谨遵古训、鲜下己见,使考据学问有了明晰的规格,并为学界公认。峻立汉学家法使清代学术上了一个台阶,它既衔接了先导大师的反宋学传统,又抬升了治学的规格,改变了汉宋芜杂、规法不严的混沌状况,为朴学自主成军、出一宗派,继而占领全学界奠定了基础。     

国际商事仲裁程序的法律适用及其新发展

国际商事仲裁程序的法律适用既包括仲裁程序法的适用,又包括仲裁规则的适用,两者既有联系而有所区别。当事人和仲裁庭享有适用仲裁程序法与仲裁规则的选择权与确定权已得到多数国家仲裁立法的肯定。非内国仲裁理论的提出与发展是对"仲裁受仲裁地法支配"的传统观点的冲击,它在未来的国际商事仲裁实践,尤其是网上仲裁中将发挥重要的作用。     

世贸组织法律框架下贸易自由理想与贸易保护现实的冲突

贸易磨擦事件数量的上升是当今世界经济全球化发展的一种“不和谐音” ,是各国基于自身利益的考虑而推行贸易保护主义所引发的贸易冲突的集中表现 ,而这绝大部分冲突又恰恰是在以推行和实现世界贸易自由化为宗旨的世贸组织法律框架内所发生的。我国已经加入世贸组织 ,对这一问题作一反思 ,积极迎接挑战 ,具有特别的现实意义     

The Evolving Structure of the Environmental Justice Movement in the United States: New Models for Democratic Decision-Making

Over the last two decades in the United States, mainstream environmental organizations have reduced, rather than increased, democratic participation by citizens in environmental problem-solving. The environmental justice movement, on the other hand, has served to enlarge the constituency of the environmental movement by incorporating poorer communities and oppressed people of color into environmental decision making process; build community capacity by developing campaigns and projects that address the common links between various social and environmental problems; and facilitate community empowerment by emphasizing grassroots organizing over advocacy. This paper outlines the different components in the environmental justice movement. It is our contention that if researchers and policymakers continue to conceive of the ecological crisis as a collection of unrelated problems, then it is possible that some combination of regulations, incentives, and technical innovations can keep pollution and resource destruction at tolerable levels for more affluent socioeconomic populations. However, poor working class communities and people of color which lack the political–economic resources to defend themselves will continue to suffer the worst abuses. However, if the interdependency of issues is emphasized as advocated by the environmental justice movement, then a transformative environmental politics can be invented.     

环境社会系统发展学发轫

叶文虎教授在研究可持续发展基本理论的基础上,于1999年提出了"环境社会系统发展学"的思想和概念[1],并指出这将是一门划时代的新学科.本文论述了环境社会系统发展学创立的学术和时代背景,以及这门学科的现状,提出了它的基本问题、基本内容和研究方法.     

不断深化对共产党执政规律的认识

不断深化对共产党执政规律的认识,是面向２１世纪的中国共产党人必须解决的时代课题。 深化认识必须坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线,“三个代表”的理论和实践是共产党执政的基本 规律;必须始终保持党的工人阶级先锋队性质,不断增强党的阶级基础,扩大党的群众基础,必须坚 持党的最低纲领和最高纲领的统一;必须加强党的民主建设,不断完善党的执政方式和领导方式。     

我国判例制度的建立与完善

由于强调知识的创新,强调人的创造力,知识更新加速了,这些都对反垄断法形成冲击,推动反垄断法的发展.有限的判例有效主义可以解决法律规则的抽象与具体生活的变化之间的矛盾,与我国的法律思想与法律传统具有某种相合之处.成文规则的基础地位及其有效性的加强.