Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath Test

Abstract: The alcohol breath test (ABT) has been used for quantification of ethyl alcohol in individuals suspected of driving under the influence for more than 50 years. In this time, there has been little change in the concepts underlying this single breath test. The old model, which assumes that end‐exhaled breath alcohol concentration is closely related to alveolar air alcohol concentration, is no longer acceptable. This paper reviews experimental research and mathematical modeling which has evaluated the pulmonary exchange processes for ethyl alcohol. Studies have shown that alcohol exchanges dynamically with the airway tissue both during inspiration and expiration. The airway tissue interaction makes it impossible to deliver air with alveolar alcohol concentration to the mouth. It is concluded that the ABT is dependent on physiological factors that need to be assessed for accurate testing.     

人民币购买力平价的实证研究

购买力平价是汇率决定最有影响的理论之一,经常成为各国作为制定经济政策的重要依据.能否依据购买力平价理论来制定人民币汇率政策,已成为目前国内关注的焦点.现有文献对人民币购买力平价的检验结论存在明显的分歧.根据我国汇率体制改革各阶段的特点,通过对1994年1月-2008年12月整体时段和分时段数据进行实证检验,表明人民币兑美元汇率并不符合购买力平价理论,这一理论难以成为我国制定人民币汇率政策的依据.     

论农村宅基地使用权的流转

基于促进城乡平等、扩大农村融资途径、减少土地资源浪费等的考量,应当许可宅基地使用权的买卖、互换、出租以及抵押。但由于在现实国情下宅基地使用权承栽着福利功能,其流转必须限定在本集体经济组织内部,且要符合“一户一宅”的要求。     

On equity in intergroup exchange process,outcome distributions,and some considerations of cognitive orientation

Interactive behavior, viewed on a continuum ranging from intragroup to intergroup situations, is modeled in an attempt to describe the effectiveness of feedback structures in the modification of exchange equity. It is concluded that intragroup situations permit the use of feedback in the alternation of interpersonal equity relations, but that the corresponding application to integroup structures is highly limited. Collectivities that do not constitute groups in the traditional sociological sense are difficult to manipulate and care must be taken to select aspects of interactive outcomes shared by participants if attempts to modify unjust interactive structures are to be successful.     

全球化与文化冲突

全球化对社会生活产生着重要影响，导致了深刻的社会矛盾和化冲突，全球化引发的化冲突主要表现在三个方面：一元化与多元化的冲突，普遍主义与个别主义的冲突，化霸权与民族化的冲突。全球化的深化和发展必然进一步加剧化的这种冲突与对抗。所以，我们要以一种超越的视野来整合各方面的因素，重建化认同，促进化合同交流。     

自治如何形成——对证券交易所法律地位的历史比较

本文通过对旧中国清末民初时期和新中国改革开放以后的证券交易所自治地位的考察,分析了这两历史个时期证券交易所自治状态的形成原因,并在此基础上得出了关于证券交易所、甚至是自治组织自治地位形成的一些共同因素或要求。     

Joint Default Probabilities and Sovereign Risk

The assessment of sovereign risk is of crucial importance for international lenders and investors. Many existing sovereign risk approaches are opaque and heavily rely on subjective choices. In general, they lack a theoretical basis. To assess sovereign risk, we use the Merton model in which a loan defaults if the value of a firm's assets falls below the value of its debt. In a portfolio context, this implies that default correlations warrant the utmost attention. We analyze defaults for 37 countries during the period 1970–1998. We find that sovereign default correlations are low. Joint defaults are highest in Central and Eastern Europe. They are intermediate in Latin America and they are low in (Southeast) Asia.     

International cooperation in exchange‐rate management: Coordination of U.S. and Japanese intervention, 1977–1990

What are the determinants of international cooperation in exchange‐rate management? To answer this question, coordination of foreign exchange intervention by the United States and Japan from 1977 to 1990 is analyzed. An examination of the data raises two empirical puzzles: (1) Why do the periods of active intervention and high cooperation coincide?; (2) Why does Japan intervene unilaterally more often than the United States? Some hypotheses drawn from various theories of cooperation are tested, but none of them receive strong support. Instead, intervention volume and learning by U.S. administrations account for the variance in coordination. These findings resolve the two puzzles: (1) The periods of active intervention are the time of high need for cooperation; (2) Japan is obliged to intervene unilaterally while the United States is learning to cooperate.     

从物质到社会:经济学研究对象的三阶段演变及其内在逻辑

The main purpose of economic research is to improve national and social welfare. It contains not only material welfare, but also social benefits. Also, the welfare connotation changed at different times in history. Those changes lead to the evolution of economics. In fact, although modern mainstream economics still concentrate the subject of study on placement of scarce resources, the focus of research in economics will not be the issue of wealth distribution. The subject of economic study has experienced three significant changes. The first one, holding by Classical Economics is the focus on material welfare creation. The second one, highly emphasized by Neoclassical Economics, is the notion that includes distribution of resources and money exchange. The last one, promoted by modern mainstream economics after the 1970s, broadens the research content greatly due to referring to extensive social utility.     

马克思的劳动观点在政治哲学建构中的作用

人类维持生存的物质劳动是永恒的自然必然性,而劳动又处于历史变化之中,在文明时代劳动的不同历史阶段,有不同的国家、法和意识形态。马克思用这种历史唯物主义代替了寻求形而上的永恒正义国家的旧哲学。资产阶级政治经济学以商品交换关系的自由、平等论证资本赢利的公正性,论证资本主义制度的永恒正义性,马克思则用生产劳动说明交换,提出了系统的劳动学说,发现了资本剥削的秘密,指出了资本主义自由、平等的形式性,批判了拜物教的意识形态。晚期资本主义虽然表现出不同于自由资本主义的某些新特点,但依然处于以物的依赖性为基础的人的独立性阶段,马克思的劳动观点仍然具有当代价值。