Affect and Fairness in Economics

A strained relationship exists between mainstream economics and ethics. Over the last decade, behavioral economists have strongly argued for the importance of fairness in motivating behavior, based on substantial experimental evidence. Two main approaches to the modeling of fairness have been proposed: the outcome-based inequity aversion approach, and the intention-based reciprocity approach. Both approaches have been quite successful in explaining the experimental evidence. Nonetheless, this paper questions the role that is assigned to fairness in these models and the way fairness is incorporated, using recent experimental findings concerning emotions and fairness perceptions. The analysis supports the view that feelings are important for justice, also from a policy perspective, and pleads for closer attention being paid to the functioning of emotional brain systems.

Testing Times Ahead: Non‐Invasive Prenatal Testing and the Kind of Community We Want to Be

This article reviews the Nuffield Council on Bioethics’ report on Non‐Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT); and introduces two general questions provoked by the report – concerning, respectively, the nature and extent of the informational interests that are to be recognised in today's ‘information societies’ and the membership of today's ‘genetic societies’. The article also considers the role and nature of the Nuffield Council. While the Council's report identifies a range of individual and collective interests that are relevant to determining the legitimate uses of NIPT, we argue that it should put these interests into an order of importance; we sketch how this might be done; and we suggest that, failing such a prioritisation of interests, the Council should present its reflections in a way that engages public debate around a number of options rather than making firm recommendations.     

“为己利他”行为机理对两类差序性行为的解释——一些来自行为实验的证据

一系列的行为实验表明,受试者除了关注自身的物质收益之外,还重视公平和互惠,这体现了行为者的社会性和道德性。同时,这种互惠和公平并非是平面性的而是立体性的,不是等序性的而是差序性的,这体现了人类行为的道德差序性和社会差序性。显然,这些实验结果与主流博弈理论的逻辑推论间存在很大差异。     

论警察出庭作证制度

由于传统法律文化的影响、诉讼结构的制约及缺乏法律规定,我国尚未建立警察出庭作证制度。为维护司法程序公正,提高诉讼效率,抑制警察非法取证行为,有必要建立完善该制度。可从把握作证范围、完善立法、保持理性等方面构建。     

论群众利益诉求的法制化

群众利益诉求要求法制化,但在法制化过程申却面临着实现公平的促进机制不足、诉求机制不足和保障机制不足等问题。为此,群众利益诉求法制化应立足于三个关系：权利与义务关系、秩序与效率关系、传统方式与现代方式的关系,从利益公平、利益协调、利益表达、利益援助方面实现群众利益诉求的法制化。     

Message effects on the perceptions of the fairness of gender-based affirmative action: A cognitive response theory-based analysis

The controversy surrounding the implementation of affirmative action interventions in organizations underscores the importance of understanding fairness perceptions of such policies. There is a need for research on the variables which influence evaluations of affirmative action policies and on whether the content of organizational communications can alter these evaluations. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of proaffirmative action and antiaffirmative action communications on fairness evaluations. Cognitive response theory was used as a framework for predicting reactions to pro- and antipreferential treatment messages and subsequent fairness perceptions. While the results indicated that cognitive responses added to the prediction of fairness judgments, initial attitude, and message content also had strong effects on the fairness judgments.     

Work Roles,Domestic Roles,and Marital Quality: Perceptions of Fairness Among Dual-Earner Couples

Previous studies on the role of spouses' perceptions of fairness within marriage have typically dealt with the effects of those within the realm of the division of household labor. Using data from the 1993 National Survey of Families and Households, this study posits that the predominance of dual-earner couples necessitates the consideration of perceptions of fairness in both spouses' paid labor and domestic roles. Issues of fairness are shown to significantly affect husbands' and wives' evaluations of marital quality, yet these effects are limited to a noncomparative form (e.g., wives' evaluations of marital quality are not substantially affected by husbands' perceptions of unfairness). Implications of these findings for contemporary couples are discussed.     

效率与公平——严格责任在刑法领域运用中所体现的两种不同价值

严格责任是存在于英美法系国家的一项重要的刑法制度。它强调举证责任的转移,即检察官只需对犯罪行为的存在以及犯罪行为与被告的关系进行证明,而被告是否具有犯意的证明则交由被告进行。严格责任主要适用于侵犯公共福利犯罪。它是现代社会追求效率的产物,但其公平性却时常受到指责。     

论社会主义市场经济下经济法的根本价值取向

经济法价值是法律价值系统中的一个子系统。经济法的价值可以多元化,但作为国家干预经济之法,应该是以维护社会整体效益为目的,同时,社会效益的追求又是以社会公平为条件。因此,社会效益和社会公平的统一就构成了现代市场经济条件下经济法的根本价值取向。