反思破产抵销制度的价值——以与合同法相比较为视角

关于破产抵销有两种立法例,一种是禁止制破产抵销,一种是允许破产抵销。我国采第二种立法例,在民法抵销制度的基础上,规定了破产抵销制度。通过对我国破产抵销制度的特点及其禁止性规定的分析,得出我国破产抵销有别于民法中抵销制度的担保、保障公平的功能、公平的价值取向,以及价值判断原则———企业生存利益优先原则、诚信原则。     

建国以来我国分配领域公平与效率实践的回顾与思考

建国以来,我国的收入分配制度发生了很大的变化,分配制度的变迁实际上就是一个不断探索效率与公平关系的过程。从＂平均主义＂到＂效率优先＂的探索,一定程度上有效地促进了经济发展和生产效率的提高,但也导致了收入分配差距迅速扩大,并影响到社会稳定和经济增长,从而导致公平正义问题凸现。反思建国以来收入分配制度变迁的过程,从效率公平的权衡到公平正义的诉求,将有助于深化分配制度改革,加快体制机制创新,推动社会的和谐发展。     

浅论经济法的价值

法的价值是关于法的目标、理想或主要功能作用的抽象,是法律科学的基本范畴之一。实质公平与正义在经济法领域的特殊表现,是经济法基本精神的具体化。而经济法以追求个体利益和社会利益平衡基础之上的社会利益至上的价值取向是经济法宗旨、原则赖以存在的前提。追求实质公平与正义、维护社会公共利益是经济法的价值目标。     

转型社会的政治决策：期权博弈与公平均衡解释

在转型社会中,政治决策是拥有主要政治权力的行政主体,与反映主要群体利益的社会主体之间的博弈均衡。现实的各种政治后果可以从考虑期权价值的延迟均衡和抢先均衡来说明,也可以表现为考虑心理动机的“公平均衡”。在如同海峡两岸博弈这样复杂的均衡组合中,作者推论存在可以称为“虚妄公平”的均衡概念。转型社会的各个主体因此必须寻求“真实公平”策略选择,才能实现真正公平的政治决策目标。     

社会公平视角下的生态补偿制度

生态补偿是实现社会公平的一项重要制度性措施。由于缺乏补偿或补偿不足,我国在生态环境建设和经济社会发展方面存在着较为严重的区域、城乡和群体之间利益不公现象。因此,在和谐社会的构建过程中,我们应从社会公平的视角对生态补偿制度的建立和完善加以审视和探讨。     

Full and Open Competition in Public Procurement: Values and Ethics in Contracting Opportunity

ABSTRACT

Governments have sought to respond to increasing pressures to accomplish aims with efficiency and at low cost. A perception of the potential for corruption and waste of public resources has been met with calls for transparency and accountability. Competition is believed to lead to impartial, optimal outcomes, but attention paid to competition in the literature suggests that the benefits are not universally clear. This paper considers ‘full and open competition’ as a policy promise, ethical obligation, and a matter of justice, drawing upon work of John Rawls and others, in the United States case. The research question is: What do Federal procurement data tell us about the nature of full and open competition in practice? This study draws upon contract data available from the U.S. Federal government, for fiscal years from 2015 to 2018. Through an ordinal regression, it is suggested that variation in the extent of competition results in part from size of project, size of the business (or potential business) receiving the project, and the industry classification, particularly in cases centering on commercial acquisitions. While ‘full and open competition’ is frequently employed, the difference between the normative value of the concept in statute, and practical outcomes in implementation, is clear. This difference has consequences for both vendors and the government.     

Egocentric Ethics

Ethical judgments are often egocentrically biased, such that moral reasoners tend to conclude that self-interested outcomes are not only desirable but morally justifiable. Although such egocentric ethics can arise from deliberate self-interested reasoning, we suggest that they may also arise through unconscious and automatic psychological mechanisms. People automatically interpret their perceptions egocentrically, automatically evaluate stimuli on a semantic differential as positive or negative, and base their moral judgments on affective reactions to stimuli. These three automatic and unconscious features of human judgment can help to explain not only why ethical judgments are egocentrically biased, but also why such subjective perceptions can appear objective and unbiased to moral reasoners themselves.     

Justice and organizational punishment: Attitudinal outcomes of disciplinary events

This study utilized a justice framework to investigate punished subordinates' attitudinal reactions to specific disciplinary events. Results suggested that personality variables (negative affectivity and belief in a just world) influenced subordinate perceptions of the disciplinary event. In addition, belief in a just world had a direct effect on satisfaction with the supervisor, intention to leave, and organizational commitment. Contrary to expectations, harshness (a distributive aspect of the event) influenced perceptions of procedural justice and attitudes toward the institution (organizational commitment) and the leader (trust in supervisor), in addition to its influence on perceptions of distributive justice. The influence of procedural aspects of the event on attitudinal outcomes varied by dependent variable. The implications for future research and for management are discussed.     

Procedural justice and ethical decision making

Procedural justice, in the form of voice and respectful treatment by supervisor, and ethical decision making are examined in this research. Ethical decision making is hypothesized to be a direct function of moral intent, as indicated by willingness to use moral criteria in decision making. Moral intent is, in turn, expected to be a function of the decision-making context, including perceptions of voice, respect and trust between supervisor and subordinate, and moral climate. Individual moral development is also expected to have a positive effect on moral intent. Results generally support the model, with two exceptions. First, perception of voice has a negative effect on moral intent, while caring climate and respectful supervisory relations have the expected positive effect on moral intent. These results suggest either a compensatory model of ethical decision making or a complacency effect. Second, individual characteristics had very little effect on either the decision made or the level of moral intent developed, save for one decision. These results suggest an important overlooked variable, the salience of issues for procedural justice concerns.     

诉权保障与民事诉讼管辖制度关系论

从权利的角度考察诉权与管辖制度的内在联系,可以看出由于我国管辖制度与诉权割裂,从而极易侵害当事人的诉权。而将当事人于管辖制度享有的权利归属于诉权,以此将诉权保障与管辖制度的建构有机衔接起来,以诉权论指导管辖制度的建构,这对于加强当事人的诉权保障与完善民事诉讼管辖制度甚至于法院体制的完善具有重大价值。