粮食安全是最大的民生——以泉州市为例

粮食始终是一种具有战略性的特殊商品,是人类最基本的需求和生存的底线.粮食安全是国家安全战略的重要组成部分,也是最大的民生问题.我国是粮食消费大国,当前,人口再生产与粮食增长失衡、粮食生产资源流失严重等威胁我国粮食安全的因素依然存在.为确保国家粮食安全,必须加强和规范粮食市场宏观调控,调动农民生产粮食的积极性,加大节约粮食、爱护粮食的宣传力度,制定<节粮法>,规范粮食消费行为.     

从"卡斯尔伯里食品案"看我国食品召回的法律规制

近年来,我国食品安全事件频发,食品安全形势十分严峻,严重地危害着人民群众的生命健康,完善食品相关法律制度,健全相关法律法规成为当务之急。由美国卡斯尔伯里紧急召回90种疑似染肉毒杆菌食品案入手,提出问题,通过分析我国质量监督检验检疫总局出台的《食品召回管理规定》相关立法规定,认为我国食品安全召回制度还存在些许缺陷与不足,并提出规制食品召回制度的对策和建议。     

TOWARDS A HUMAN DIGNITY BASED APPROACH TO FOOD SECURITY: LESSONS FROM CHINA AND INDIA

Despite almost halving the proportion of the world’s undernourished over the past two and half decades, the number of undernourished people in the world remains staggeringly high. Efforts to address the global state of food insecurity must target China and India, which are home to the world’s highest and second highest number of undernourished people. This article analyzes the comparative experiences of tackling food security in China and India and adopts an inter-disciplinary approach, which melds legal, economic, and human perspectives to food security. Both China and India have made concerted efforts to improve food security of vulnerable populations in the past three decades. These efforts have historically focused on actively promoting grain production, which has been largely successful in achieving grain self-sufficiency and securing adequate availability of food for their populations. However, the contemporary challenges to food security are now increasingly driven by unsustainable dietary patterns and are exacerbated by growing populations, increasing wealth, and the globalization of food supply chains. As a result, the cause of food insecurity is no longer fundamentally about food supply, but rather about the extent to which marginalized populations are empowered with the rights, freedoms, and capabilities that enable them to attain healthy and productive lives. China and India apply markedly different approaches to address the issue of people’s access to food. In India, the right to food movement has gained momentum through the work of civil society actors and there is now a legal right to food. In contrast, in China the right to food is neither stipulated in Chinese law nor referenced to in the official policy rhetoric as the country seeks to ensure access to food by focusing on poverty alleviation more generally through an income transfer program and a non-food based, social safety net to help the poor. At the same time, the Chinese population’s high educational level provides enormous potential for effective interventions and education on nutrition and health. A comparison of the approaches to food security in China and India ultimately reminds us that efforts to tackle food insecurity must center on human dignity, which requires more wide-ranging investment in enhancing people’s capabilities, combined with effective enforcement of the right to food.     

The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: A Litany of Fundamental Flaws?

This article argues that the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014 are fatally flawed notwithstanding the apparent rigour of the process which produced them. These Regulations were the product of considerable deliberation following a sensitively executed public inquiry yet, it is argued, they rely too heavily on the rhetoric of criminal law while failing to take into account the competing norms for compliance and the impact of NHS budget constraints. Further, they push the CQC towards a heavy‐handed deterrence approach to enforcement, which will increase hostility between regulatees and the inspectorate, and ultimately reduce the scope for developing the transparency about failures which is sorely needed in the NHS. This article challenges the contemporary wisdom that it is primarily knee‐jerk regulatory responses that suffer from fatal flaws of this nature.     

欧盟食品安全法律体系评析

欧盟经过近50年的改革和发展,逐步建立起完善而严谨的食品安全法律体系,《食品安全白皮书》以及第178／2002（EC）号法规即《食品基本法》是欧盟关于食品安全的基本法律,同时欧盟还制定有大量具体的食品安全法规及指令以及完整而详细的技术标准体系。欧盟对食品链实行从“农场到餐桌”的全程监管,欧洲食品安全管理局在食品安全监管中发挥着重要的作用。中国最近颁布实施了《食品安全法》及其实施条例,对于食品安全监管制度进行了改革,欧盟关于食品安全的法律体系、法律制度以及监管模式对于中国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

论无正本提单提放货的责任属性及权利救济——兼评《最高人民法院关于审理无正本提单交付货物案件适用法律若干问题的规定》

针对2009年3月5日颁布实施的《最高人民法院关于审理无正本提单交付货物案件适用法律若干问题的规定》（简称《无单放货规定》）第3条关于对承运人无正本提单放货责任属性的定性以及第11条和第13条关于无正本提单放货人和无正本提单提货人责任承担方式的规定,采用剖析承运人在目的港交付货物所处的法律地位和动态物权进入流通领域的法律特征的方法,在分析和论证后指出：首先,承运人依据海上货物运输合同的约定和法律规定,在不改变承运人的法律地位和不免除承运人海上货物运输合同义务的前提下,在卸货港向收货人交付货物的问题上是处于卖方托运人交货代理的法律地位,承运人虽未凭正本提单错误放货,并应对无单放货的损失承担赔偿责任,但因承运人无单放货不具有法律规定的侵占或损害他人财产权的侵权特征,故承运人无单放货只构成违约,而不能构成对提单持有人物权的侵害。《无单放货规定》第3条将其规定为违约与侵权责任竞合,缺乏事实依据。其次,当具有财产权的货物进入流通领域以后,在货物交易合同没有解除的情况下,该财产即货物作为交易的标的物,在合同相对人之间只表现为债权的相对财产。虽提货人未付款,在货物所有权未发生转移时仍占有货物,但该行为依法只构成不当得利,而不能构成对提单持有人物权的侵害。《无单放货规定》第11条规定由承担违约责任的承运人与承担返还不当得利的提货人承担连带责任,缺乏法律依据。最后,在提货人与提单持有人达成付款协议以后,该行为依法应是提单持有人对交货代理人即承运人超越代理权无单放货行为的追认,由此依法应免除承运人无单放货的违约民事责任。《无单放货规定》第13条规定仍不免除承运人民事责任,与民事代理法律制度不符,且损害了承运人的合法利益。     

Postmortem Computed Tomography Findings of Upper Airway Obstruction by Food

Abstract: This study is a retrospective analysis of 14 cases with food bolus upper airway obstruction as the defined cause of death where both postmortem computed tomography and autopsy were performed. Three groups were defined by the images i.e., Type 1: foreign body situated between the oral cavity and oropharynx, while the epiglottis sits in normal position, Type 2: foreign body situated in the oropharynx just above the epiglottis pushing it posteriorly and obstructing the airway, and Type 3: foreign body obstructing the laryngeal inlet while pushing the epiglottis anteriorly. At the time of autopsy, foreign bodies were detected by pathologists, occasionally in a different position, presumably being dislodged in the act of organ removal especially for the “Type 1” pattern. CT imaging provides accurate interrogation of upper airway bolus obstruction prior to autopsy.     

《鹿特丹规则》对承运人“凭单放货”义务重大变革之反思——交易便利与交易安全的对弈

出于交易便利的考虑,实践中无单放货问题日渐凸显,危及了交易安全。为了解决此难题,《鹿特丹规则》对承运人凭单放货义务进行了重大变革。但相关制度设计并未实现便利交易的目标,同时削弱了交易的安全性。中国应在兼顾交易便利与安全的基础上对可转让提单坚持凭单放货,同时允许承运人在记名提单下有条件地无单放货,把大力发展电子单证作为解决无单放货难题的出路。中国对加入公约应持审慎态度。     

初评《鹿特丹规则》

对《鹿特丹规则》中的海运＋（maritime＋）、承运人的义务和赔偿责任、托运人的义务和赔偿责任、货物的交付、批量合同与合同自由、承运人的识别等问题进行探讨和评论。     

送法下乡与民族习惯法的变迁——以影片《马背上的法庭》为材料说明

巡回法庭把国家的司法权威运送到了乡土社会。送法下乡的过程事实上是一个法律与民间习惯的对话与碰撞的过程。法官在此过程中扮演着核心角色,法官的知识结构中接受习惯法,民间习惯就能够得到较多适用;法官拒斥习惯法,习惯法可能就会淡出司法。随着接受习惯法的法官的离职,国家法律将会更多的进入乡土社会,对乡土社会构成冲击并瓦解乡土秩序。