电子文件与纸质档案价值鉴定之比较分析

本文主要从电子文件的价值鉴定和纸质档案的价值鉴定入手,从不同的方面比较了两者的异同,重点阐述电子文件的价值鉴定。笔者根据比较分析电子文件的价值鉴定和纸质档案的价值鉴定,对两者的鉴定工作提出了几点建设性的意见。希望本文的论述既能对档案工作者有所帮助,又能对档案研究人员有所启发。     

文件制作时间检验的物质基础

随着科学技术的快速发展,各种新型染料、颜料不断涌现。不断发展的书写和打印材料对文件制作时间检验工作提出了越来越高的要求。寻求显色物质整体稳定中的可测定因素,探索可资利用的指标性参数,达到检验目的。这就需要我们对材料进行比较全面的认识和研究。     

公共行政价值研究:一个文献述评

公共行政价值是公共行政的灵魂和旨归 ,但由于受实证主义的影响 ,学界对其的研究却很不够。本文以公共行政价值及相关范畴为起点 ,根据现有文献 ,综述了公共行政价值的研究现状 ,归纳了学者对公共行政价值研究的三种维度 ,以期能有助于推进对这一问题的深入探讨。     

作为知识社会学个案的我国“法律文化”研究

学界在谈论法律文化研究在我国兴起的原因之时,多将其归咎于国外法律文化研究的引入,这固然不错,但笔者以为,恐怕更深层次的原因还在于特定时代背景下的现实需求使然;法律文化研究在我国的出现,是基于特定“社会居所”的现实欲求和历史思索以及学术共同体内部渴望打破旧有研究格局的需要等多重诱因作用的结果,国外法律文化研究的传入,某种意义上仅仅是开放了法学界希望从更为广阔的角度来理解和解说法律实践的特定接受趋向,同时赋予国内的法律文化研究一种“学术合法性的追认”,并未产生太大实质性学术影响。     

行政公文写作中常见格式问题探析

本文着重分析了公文写作中存在的格式不规范问题,讨论了产生不规范现象的原因,从认识公文格式规范的重要作用角度,提出了改进办法。     

公安法律文书制作现状及对策

公安法律文书制作使用是制约公安民警办案效率与效果的关键因素。目前虽因网络信息平台的建立及网络执法监督系统的使用而日趋规范,但是公安法律文书制作问题仍然很多。有效地提高公安法律文书制作的质量和水平应有制度的保证,加强对民警的培训,有明确的文书范本,充分利用现代科技手段,开展必不可少的经验交流,实现资源共享,是共同提高文书制作水平的有效途径。     

美国少年司法的新近发展

作为世界上第一个少年司法制度的诞生地———美国 ,它的少年司法体系的改革令人关注。本文回顾了美国少年司法政策的发展历史 ,并系统地检验了美国少年司法体制 ,总结了美国少年司法的历史 ,阐述了美国少年司法近年来的发展状况 ,这些发展推动了学者们对美国少年司法的深入研究 ,从而为处理青少年偏差行为指明了合理、有效的策略。本文还涉及到意识形态、政治策略和媒体对少年司法的公共政策的影响问题 ,最后探讨了将来美国少年司法领域中可能出现的争议。     

“红头文件”违法之原因及对策论析

违法“红头文件”常以法律之名行干扰法律实施之实,已成为影响法制统一的一大隐患。违法“红头文件”泛滥主要是人治思想的体现,监督机关预防和纠正不力、行政复议范围的狭窄以及司法上无救济途径等诸多原因,使行政相对人面对违法“红头文件”的侵害有苦难言,在一定程度上又放纵了“红头文件”对法律的恣意冲突。本文试通过对“红头文件”违法原因的分析,找出相关法律对策,以期能对这一抽象行政行为走出困境有所助益。     

An evaluation of matching unknown writing inks with the United States International Ink Library

Utilizing a database of standards for forensic casework is a valuable resource. Undoubtedly, as more standards (and corresponding information about the specimens) are collected, there is a greater certainty of identification when a questioned and a known item cannot be distinguished after a series of analyses. The United States Secret Service and the Internal Revenue Service National Forensic Laboratory jointly maintain the largest known forensic collection of writing inks in the world, which is comprised of over 8500 ink standards collected worldwide, dating back to the 1920s. This study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of matching arbitrarily purchased pens with known inks from a database. One hundred pens were randomly obtained from a variety of sources and their respective ink compositions were compared with standards. Eighty-five of the inks were determined to be suitable for comparison utilizing optical examinations and thin-layer chromatography. Three of the inks did not match any of the specimens on record; one of these inks was similar to an ink from an identical brand of pen that was in the database, but had a modified formulation.     

Classification of black powder toners on the basis of integrated analytical information provided by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Differentiating between black powder toners used in laser printers and copiers can be challenging for forensic examiners. One hundred and sixty-two samples from 82 different types of cartridges produced by 21 manufacturers that are currently available on the Polish market were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The spectra obtained by these two methods were classified into 14 groups and 28 groups using FT-IR and XRF, respectively. These classifications served as a basis for the development of an analytical scheme for differentiating black powder toners. This scheme can be used with any two methods that supply different information about an examined sample. The research will show that if two samples are similar in polymer composition (e.g., FT-IR spectra), additional quantitative elemental composition from XRF analyses may provide more discrimination. It was possible to differentiate 82.5% pairs of examined samples using only FT-IR, 90.8% pairs of examined samples using only XRF, and 95.8% pairs of examined samples using these two methods. Obtained spectra and all the available information could be used to create/build a database. The results obtained confirm the multiplicity and compatibility of toners. Additionally, it was stated that not all the samples were original (OEM).