单位自首若干争议问题探析

目前,单位自首制度已成为刑法理论及司法实践中亟需解决的新问题。基于单位犯罪法典化和实现刑罚目的的要求,单位应能成为自首主体。单位自首有单位一般自首、单位准自首以及单位特别自首三种类型,其成立条件具有特殊性。由于单位自首与单位犯罪的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员的自首是相对独立的,前者成立自首并不意味后者亦是自首,反之亦然。因此,对犯罪单位、单位犯罪的直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员应分别决定刑罚。     

论美国法中商业判断规则的司法适用及对我国公司法的启示

美国公司法上的商业判断规则是一个司法程序上对董事行为的评价标准,它与董事的受信义务密不可分。在司法中,它的运用往往与当事人的举证是密切相联的。如果董事能够证明其做出的决策是在充分了解相关的情况下,经过了合理的调查,并且是善意的,同时诚实地相信他的行为是为公司的最大利益,那么商业判断规则的运用就被加重视,法院也不会对董事的行为进行进一步的审查,董事也不用对经营行为承担个人责任。     

应对网络犯罪的几点思考

当前网络犯罪呈现出增多的趋势,它与传统的犯罪有着很大的差别。在应对网络犯罪中还存在许多制约的因素,同网络犯罪作斗争是一场艰巨复杂的持久战,必须齐抓共管,标本兼治。     

死刑的程序之维

死刑正当程序的必要性在于防止错杀与滥杀。死刑的正当程序既要满足普通司法规则,又是一种特殊、烦琐与代价高昂的程序。中国现行的死刑司法,未能充分满足普通司法规则,缺乏正当程序所应有的特殊性,且过于简化而代价低廉,因而不符合正当程序的要求。为了有效地防止错杀与滥杀,最大限度地减少死刑的适用,中国的死刑司法应该从正当程序的要求出发,尽快实现程序的正当化。     

我国国家赔偿归责原则之反思与重构

按国家赔偿法的规定,国家赔偿的归责原则是违法原则。这个原则存在着自相矛盾、与刑事诉讼法规定不一致、过于严格限制受害人获得国家赔偿以及与国际上国家赔偿归责原则多样化趋势不协调等缺陷。国家赔偿的归责原则应当是一个归贵原则体系,在这个体系中,有一般性的、具有普适性的一般原则,又有特殊性的、仅针对特殊事项适用的特殊原则。一般原则仍然是违法原则,而特殊原则包括过错原则、无过错原则和结果原则等,各项原则所适用的具体范围又有着一定的差异和不同。     

Strain,Negative Emotions,and Deviant Coping Among African Americans: A Test of General Strain Theory

Although previous research on Agnew's (1992) general strain theory (GST) tends to yield significant effects of strain on negative emotions as well as deviance and crime, results tend to be mixed with regard to (1) the effects of negative emotions on deviance and crime and (2) conditioning factors that Agnew suggests affect the selection of coping strategies. To address these issues, we test hypotheses, derived from GST, about the relationships among strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping by analyzing data from a nationally representative sample of African American adults. Ordinary least squares regression results generally support our hypotheses. First, fully mediating the effects of strain on deviant coping, negative emotions have consistently significant effects on deviance, regardless of whether we use composite or separate measures of inner- and outer-directed emotions and deviance. Interestingly, as hypothesized, the same-directed effects of negative emotions on deviant coping are larger than the opposite-directed ones. Second, while self-esteem and self-efficacy as conditioning factors generally fail to receive empirical support, religiosity is found to significantly buffer the effects of negative emotions on deviance. Implications of our findings for further development of GST are discussed.     

论道家的治国方略--无为而治

道家无为而治的思想源于老子。无为而治的中心价值是自然和自由。无为而治的基础在于以民为本,其中心内容是君主无为,而无为之治的基本方法在于后与柔,其最终目的是无不为,无不治。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF‐CONTROL: EXAMINING SELF‐CONTROL THEORY'S STABILITY THESIS*

Research on self‐control theory consistently supports its central prediction that low self‐control significantly affects crime. The theory includes other predictions, however, that have received far less scrutiny. Among these is the argument that self‐control is developed early in childhood and that individual differences emerging then persist over time. The purpose of this study is to provide a rigorous test of the stability thesis. First, we examine the extent of stability and change in self‐control for a national sample of U.S. children age 7 to age 15. Second, we consider whether parenting continues to affect self‐control during adolescence—a period after the point at which self‐control differences should be fixed. The analysis revealed strong absolute and relative stability of self‐control for more than 80 percent of the sample, and this stability emerged in large part as early as age 7. Contradicting the theory was a smaller portion of respondents (roughly 16 percent) who experienced substantial absolute and relative changes in self‐control even after the age of 10. Moreover, parental socialization continued to affect self‐control during adolescence, even after accounting for both prior self‐control and exposure to parental socialization.     

A Political Economy Model of Workers Representation: The Case of Union Elections in Spain

In this article we present a political economy model to analyse the effects of union elections. Union elections are the prerequisite for participating in collective bargaining and they are a unique Spanish institution for union recognition. We apply standard political economy assumptions to model the union elections in order to understand their influence on the dynamics of the unemployment rate. Although union elections give the right to vote to virtually all workers, we show that insider power exists and that it introduces a hysteresis effect on the unemployment rate. In addition, the model shows how the date of the union elections can amplify the business cycle. An empirical analysis confirms the main predictions of the model.JEL Classification: K31, J51, E24     

The electoral victory of the NPD in Saxony and the prospects for future extreme-right success in German elections

ABSTRACT

Largely because of Germany's traumatic experience of National Socialism, German extreme right-wing parties have remained a marginal post-war political phenomenon. The spectacular electoral victory of the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) in the Saxon parliamentary elections of September 2004 (9.2 per cent of the vote) nurtured the fear that a far-right party could establish itself at the national level. Backes explains the election victory by relating it to a set of Saxon and Eastern German circumstances. He demonstrates that unfavourable conditions, which have so far prevented the establishment of extreme right-wing parties at the national level, still prevail. Against this background, he shows that the NPD's capacity for taking advantage of advantageous conditions (like economic problems and xenophobia, rampant in some places) reaches its limits very quickly.