基层检察机关科学管理机制探索与实践——以沈阳市和平区人民检察院“四大管理中心”为背景

我国检察制度承栽着重要的使命，是秩序、权利、公平和正义的守护者。其法律监督职能主要通过三个途径予以实现，即职务犯罪侦查权、公诉权和诉讼监督权。基层检察机关也基于上述职能设置主要业务部门及综合性辅助部门。在实际机制构建和完善过程中，各基层检察机关纷纷进行内部管理机制和模式的探索，方式不同效果也不同。本文结合沈阳市和平区人民检察院内部设置管理模式的改革。对基层检察机关内设机构的运行和管理模式进行探讨和分析。     

Citizen aid: grassroots interventions in development and humanitarianism

Abstract

The introduction to this collection brings together, under the umbrella terms of citizen aid and grassroots humanitarianism, interdisciplinary research on small-scale, privately funded forms of aid and development. It notes the steady rise of these activities, including in the Global South as well as North, such as in the context of the recent European refugee crisis. It considers their position vis-à-vis more institutionalised forms of aid; methodological approaches and their challenges; and asks what political dimensions these initiatives may have. It outlines key themes arising from the contributions to the collection, including historical perspectives on ‘demotic humanitarianism’, questions of legitimacy and their apparent lack of professionalisation, motivations of their founders, the role of personal connections, as well as the importance of digital media for brokerage and fundraising. Being mindful of its critiques and implicit power imbalances, it suggests that citizen aid deserves more systematic academic attention.     

基层群众性自治组织法人制度三论

基层群众性自治组织法人虽在《民法典》中被定位为特别法人,但性质上应属公法人,一是其成立的主要依据是《宪法》《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》;二是通过履行一系列管理职能以实现“服务于公益”这一职能目的;三是财产来源的公共性。其章程不同于营利法人和非营利法人,而实际法律化为《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》,即为法律性章程,主要原因在于《村民委员会组织法》《城市居民委员会组织法》的规定已经涵盖了村(居)民委员会法人章程所需内容,实质上成了村(居)民委员会法人的章程;同时,法律性章程比一般私法人章程多了“强制力”这一执行力保障,能确保基层群众性自治组织功能的实现;而且,只有法律性章程才能解决基层群众性自治组织法人在自治过程中遇到的诸多问题,克服自治性章程的固有弊端。基层群众性自治组织法人的民事能力受其“职能”的限制,主要体现为财产支配和交换能力、侵权责任能力、劳动合同能力与监护人能力;不能以自己的名义为交易行为,也不宜被赋予破产能力,除依法代行村集体经济组织职能的村民委员会外,不能为他人提供担保。     

群众路线与农村基层民主发展

乡村民主的发展离不开党的领导和支持,将群众路线的工作方法应用于乡村民主建设之中,有助于夯实中国共产党在乡村的政治基础,有助于提高民众的政治参与意识和行为,有助于推动乡村民主的创新和进一步发展.     

Japanese women in grassroots politics: building a gender-equal society from the bottom up

Abstract

The 1979 UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women highlights the importance of equal participation of women in public life. Since the early 1960s, women in Japan have voted in elections at significantly higher rates than men. However, Japanese women's equal participation in policy formulation and decision making lags far behind major democracies. Gender equality is stated under the Japanese Constitution, but social practices are far from equal. There are no legal constraints on Japanese women's right to candidacy for public office, but they are far underrepresented in local and national elected assemblies. In 1999 an important landmark in the substantial progress towards gender equality took place when the Japanese government, for the first time, legally denounced the stereotyped division of roles on the basis of gender and described men and women as equal partners. An unprecedented amount of legislation, together with policy changes and organizational reform at the national level were introduced from this state-led initiation. In the same year, women's grassroots groups were rapidly moving beyond the reach of policy, organizational, and legal changes; they successfully conducted a major nationwide campaign for ‘More Women to Assemblies¡’ and increased the number of elected women representatives at the local level at an unprecedented rate. The purpose of this article is to assess the potential of increased women's political voices in Japan, which can be seen as an alternative way of solving the problems of political disengagement in the male-dominated representative democracy. To this end, the article examines the course of watershed events in 1999 towards a gender-equal society in Japan, with special emphasis on the importance of grassroots missions in eliminating barriers to Japanese women's political participation.     

Reviewing, Reflecting and Constructing Research on Grassroots Social Organizations in Rural China

The purpose of this paper is to review previous studies on grassroots social organizations （GSOs） in rural China and provide a new framework for future research. This article uses the method of comparative analysis to review relevant research from the perspective of different disciplines and different theories, and adopts the method of inductive reasoning to analyze and draw conclusions. Previous researches can be divided into four categories according to their disciplines, and there are three theories frequently used to explain the development of rural GSOs in China. Obviously, plenty of valuable researches have been done, but examining a certain kind of GSOs in a single discipline and analyzing the cause of the development of GSOs with an isolated theory are two issues impeding further study on rural GSOs in China. By integrating three theories, a new and comprehensive research framework of ＂interest-identity-institution＂ is presented for future research on all kinds of GSOs. To improve and enrich this frame, a lot of empirical and specific researches need to be done in the future.     

党内基层民主建设中网络政治参与现状的实证研究

在信息化、民主化和网络化的时代背景下,运用网络政治参与的方式推动党内基层民主建设是一种有益的探索。通过对23个城市街道社区党组织网络平台建设情况的调查表明,借助网络政治参与推动党内基层民主建设的工作已经逐步展开,但在发展中也面临着:如何保证网络政治参与各栏目的科学分类并长期有效运行,如何实现网络政治选举以及如何培育网络政治参与的软环境三大难题。     

The state-in-society approach to the study of democratization with examples from Japan

How does an undemocratic country create democratic institutions and transform its polity in such a way that democratic values and practices become integral parts of its political culture? This article uses the case of Japan to advocate for a new theoretical approach to the study of democratization. In particular, it examines how theoretical models based on the European and North American experiences have difficulty explaining the process of democratization in Japan, and argues that a state-in-society approach is better suited to explaining the democratization process' diverse cultural contexts. Taking a bottom-up view of recent developments in Japanese civil society through the close examination of two cases – one traditional organization dating from the pre-war era (neighbourhood associations) and one new-style group formed in 2000 (Association of New Elder Citizens) – this article illustrates how Japanese citizens have democratized their political culture at the grassroots. The state-in-society approach to democratization is particularly useful for the study of democratization processes in non-Western countries where the development of democracy requires not only the modification of a traditional political culture but also the development of new, indigenous, democratic ideas and practices.     

新时期提升基层民警做好群众工作能力的探索与思考

公安部把"会做群众工作"作为"三基"工程建设中苦练基本功的一项重要内容。专项工作和群众路线相结合,是我国公安工作的特色和优势。在新的历史时期,基层民警要正确处理好公安机关与人民群众的关系,要坚持走群众路线,相信和依靠群众,要积极探索新形势下发动群众、依靠群众做好公安工作的新思想、新办法,把公安工作深深地扎根于人民群众之中,打牢公安工作的基础。     

浅谈石油企业基层党组织如何发挥政治核心作用

加强国有企业党建工作,充分发挥企业党组织的政治核心作用,是巩固党的执政基础、完成党的执政使命的内在要求,也是全面建成小康社会、实现国有企业资产保值增值的根本保证。在石油企业转型发展中,基层党组织应强化领导制度建设,充分发挥理论政策优势;强化自身能力建设,充分发挥组织人才优势;强化稳定工作责任,充分发挥群众工作优势,为企业转型发展提供制度保障、组织保证和和谐稳定的环境。