刑事辩护律师与正义的实现

刑事辩护律师应忠实地维护犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的合法权益,承担服务于法律和正义事业的责任.但是在实现正义的过程中,刑事辩护律师只能维护"部分正义",这体现了程序正当与实体真实的矛盾.本文通过辩护律师与法官职责的对比、理论基础的分析来论证这一观点,并从维护被控人权益、实现控辩双方平衡、保证律师职业独立等角度探讨了这一观点的实践意义.     

Are regulatory agencies independent in practice? Evidence from board members in Spain

Are the board members of regulatory agencies (regulators), taken as a particular cluster within the public sphere, independent of elected politicians and tenured bureaucrats? How can we assess their independence in practice, beyond formal rules? To address these questions, this paper delves into two key dimensions: board members' social connections and their security of tenure in office. Firstly, we focus on regulators' identity as policy adjudicators and examine their political and administrative relations. In doing so, we expect to understand better how regulators' social and political situations may influence their behavior. Secondly, we assess their political vulnerability through political cycles in order to measure their de facto independence over time. Additionally, variations in these two dimensions are compared with respect to the effect of different de jure appointment rules. We contrast these expectations with the empirical evaluation of board members of regulatory agencies in Spain (1979–2010). Thus, we confirm that regulators who have an administrative profile are more vulnerable to political changes than those with political ties, while appointment rules have an influence on their political vulnerability.     

Formal independence of regulatory agencies and Varieties of Capitalism: A case of institutional complementarity?

The Varieties of Capitalism literature posits that national economic institutions reflect the mode of coordination of a country's market actors. Despite the importance of this claim and a rich literature on the emergence of regulatory capitalism, few studies test such prediction for Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs). This article connects the two fields of research by analysing the impact of economic coordination on the formal independence of IRAs. The results show that, beyond issues of credible commitment and policy stability, the collective action capacity of market actors matters. In particular, regulators in Coordinated Market Economies enjoy less independence than in Liberal Market Economies, while intermediate regimes grant IRAs the least autonomy. The policy implications are nontrivial. Similar to other macroeconomic institutions, inappropriate combinations of economic coordination and IRA independence may engender Pareto‐suboptimal regulatory solutions. In such cases, policymakers should reconsider the rules governing national regulators.     

《折狱厄言》与裁判官“内心独立”——兼论中西裁判官“内心独立”的取向差别

清人陈士矿作《折狱厄言》一书,其中多谈到裁判官在审理案件过程中应该做到"内心独立",主张裁判官应独立于自己的爱憎、好恶、喜怒哀乐、旨趣等各种可能影响案件公正审理的心理因素,坐到"中"的境界。这一源自儒家"尚中"、"中庸"的思想,应合了今天司法独立原则当中的一个重要部分,即法官的内心独立。但与此同时,中国传统法文化当中的"内心独立"观念又与当前中国法学语境中所言说的"内心独立"是有差别的,因为当前中国法学的司法独立理论是来源于西方的,因此将中国传统法文化与西方法学语境当中的"内心独立"思想进行比较,有助于我们今天司法独立的理论研究与实践。     

从独立到权威——对司法独立的一种反思

学界对于司法独立的急论似乎已经平息,普遍认为它是成就法治中国的基础条件,甚至把对司法独立的追求视为中国司法改革的根本性问题,这种对司法独立过于迷信的思潮严重压缩了对司法独立理性思考的空间,使得人们往往忽视司法权威较之于司法独立更为重要的地位.因此,很有必要在检讨司法独立的基础上引起大家对司法权威的关注.     

欧盟统一的法定审计制度:挑战与改革

欧盟公司法的统一是不断向前推进的,有关法定审计的第8号公司法指令是欧盟公司法的组成部分.本世纪初在美国及欧盟发生的财务丑闻加快了欧盟强化法定审计独立性及法定审计责任的改革.以公司治理为背景,主要分析了欧盟修订法定审计指令的考量因素、对法定审计独立性的强化措施、有关法定审计的形式选择以及尚未解决的问题,指出欧盟法定审计的改革受到美国《萨班斯法案》以及欧盟成员国内法的影响,而且,这一改革还将持续进行,并且也影响着包括中国在内的其他国家的相关立法.     

中国国家安全法治研究四十年: 回眸与展望

中国国家安全法治研究整体上历经起步探索(1978～1993)、逐步发展(1994～20102009)、全面发展(2010～2014)以及总体国家安全观指引(2014年至今)四个阶段。每一阶段的国家安全法治研究都脱离不开其时代背景。贯穿四十年的国家安全法治研究的主题是,围绕“国家安全”法律内涵即国家安全法治研究本体论展开多维度思考与探索。其研究重点涵盖国家安全法律体系研究、国家安全法与部门法的关系、国家安全法学科独立性及其发展等方面。法律意义上“国家安全”的内涵也经历了从“传统(政治)安全”到“总体国家安全观”的转变过程。针对实践需要,国家安全法治研究日益深化和繁荣。在总体国家安全观指引下,新时代国家安全法治研究面临的时代命题包括相关法律体系的建构和阐释,深化国家安全法与相关法律的有机衔接研究,研究方法创新与满足各领域国家安全保障的现实需要,等等。未来仍要坚持聚焦国家安全法治基本问题的研究。     

On the permissibility of shaping children’s values

Abstract

According to Harry Brighouse and Adam Swift, parents have a limited and conditional moral right to deliberately shape their children’s values and interests in light of their own particular comprehensive convictions. Their view contrasts with Matthew Clayton’s account of legitimate childrearing, according to which it is always impermissible for parents to seek to pass on their particular convictions to their children or, more generally, to ‘enroll’ them into their conception of the good, since this violates a requirement of respect for children’s independence. This paper offers a novel defense of Brighouse and Swift’s position that at least some forms of comprehensive enrollment are permissible. First, I argue that the claim that there is a duty to respect the independence of very young children is problematic. Then, drawing on Brighouse and Swift’s account of familial relationship goods, I argue that seeking to pass on comprehensive values or beliefs to one’s children is actually compatible with proper respect for their independence, as Clayton understands it.     

后民法典时代商法独立性的理论证成及其在中国的实现

独立商法的出现既是社会经济发展到一定阶段的必然产物,同时也是各种主客观因素综合作用的结果.商法制度并非完全脱胎于民法,而是有其独立的发展路径.商法一经出现即对社会经济发展、社会结构变化、社会道德观念更新产生了深刻影响.从其历史演变来看,几乎所有文明国家都曾受到商法制度和商法精神的熏陶,对商法的重视程度也与一国社会经济的...     

论人民检察院审判监督的改革与完善

根据我国法律规定,人民检察院有权对人民法院的审判活动是否合法进行监督.这是检察机关法律监督地位决定的.但是,为了保证司法公正,我国法律同时也规定,人民法院应当依法独立行使审判权,不受任何机关、团体和个人的干涉.因此,在司法实践中,审判独立与检察监督之间难免存在冲突之处.为了确保法律规定兑现,我们应从监督权的性质、监督的对象、监督的范围等方面对检察监督进行调整与完善,在保证审判独立的前提下,保证检察机关更好地行使审判监督权.