教学实践中英语听力困难学生转变的策略研究

在学习英语语言“听、说、读、写”四项技能中，听力理解是英语学习中一门重要的专业主干课程，它对整个英语学习具有促进作用。然而在每年入学的大一新生中，总有一部分英语听力困难学生。从观察、分析听力困难学生所存在问题及形成的原因着手，并通过测试的实证研究，找出问题的症结所在。针对这些问题与困难，在教学实践中采取一系列具体的相应对策，从而使英语听力困难学生的转变取得了令人满意的效果。     

国际金融危机加速了世界重心由西方向东方的转移

近年来出现的世界重心由西方向东方转移的发展趋势,在国际金融危机期间得到了加速。这种重心的转移表现在世界生产、金融格局、全球治理结构中权力的再分配乃至文明的转换上。主要原因是新自由主义主导下金融资本的病变和畸形发展,以及狂热的借贷消费的生存方式。由世界重心东移所直接产生的全球力量对比的改变,主要是发达国家同发展中国家、新兴经济体之间力量对比的改变,资本主义美国同社会主义中国之间力量对比的改变;欧美资本主义国家通过＂制造业回归＂、＂再工业化＂等＂逆向＂举措,去扭转世界重心转移和全球力量对比改变的大趋势的企图,是徒劳的。     

台湾地区社区建设政策的制度变迁

上世纪90年代,台湾地区开始以"自下而上"的社区建设体制替代它实行了近30年的"自上而下"社区建设体制。它主要体现在:在制度设计方面引入了"社区导向",在制度执行方面重视"基层政府"和社区的作用,而在执行过程中引入了"自下而上申请专案"的机制。纵观台湾地区社区建设实践,可以看到:台湾地区社区建设自始至终贯穿着官方"改造社会战略"的意志;在"公民社会"未经建成基础上推动的社区建设体制所主张的"自下而上"模式不得不借由"自上而下"的行政干预方式推动,这为社区主义的扩展提供了空间,因而其社区建设政策转轨呈现出"柔性强制+示范诱致"的变迁特征。台湾地区推动社区主义虽然是深嵌于其特有的政治社会生态,但其主动推动的姿态以及培育和辅导民间组织的积极作为,尤其值得借鉴。     

东欧剧变20年：回望与反思

20世纪80年代末，东欧8个社会主义国家先后发生了连锁性政治剧变，放弃了各自实行了40余年的社会主义制度，走上了以“民主化”、“市场化”、“欧洲化”为目标的转型之路。20年后的今天，重新回顾这段非同寻常的历史进程、认真探究东欧社会主义大厦集体坍塌的内在根源，对于我们深刻理解和反思“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”这一重大命题，具有深远的理论和现实意义。     

The Changes and Realistic Functions of the Blang Ethnic Group＇s Traditional Beliefs

With the development of society, the Blang ethnic group＇s traditional beliefs have changed a lot. However, some traditional beliefs and manners and customs still exist. Based on the findings from survey and interviews, it is found that low productivity in the history leads to the Blang ethnic group which is difficult to understand and withstand all kinds of natural disasters. Then, the primitive religious concepts such as ＂natural worship＂ and ＂totem worship＂ are resulted. The ＂Jie mu long＂ ceremony of Shidian County, the ＂Ji long＂ ceremony of Shuangjiang and the belief of Theravada＇s Sthavira are the real reflection of those concepts. Nowadays, the existence of some ritual activities in the Blang ethnic group has lost the practical significance. However, some traditional beliefs and manners and customs still have been inherited in real life of the Blang ethnic group, this is mainly because they can satisfy Blang people＇s requirements, and they have these functions： regulating mind, ecological protection, and integrating society.     

我国制度变迁中的政府权力宪政制约

在市场经济体制中,政府权力对经济运行的干预不能泛化,且政府权力不应介入市场功能的有效边界内。但在现实的制度变迁中,政府权力对市场主体与市场运行的干预始终边界不清,政府在许多本应由市场机制作用的领域＂积极干预＂,严重抑制了市场机制本应发挥的作用。有鉴于此,必须从宪政的高度监督与制约政府权力,规范政府权力的行使,以确保政府权力的良好运作。     

A generational model of political learning

We propose a mathematical framework for modeling opinion change using large-scale longitudinal data sets. Our framework encompasses two varieties of Bayesian learning theory as well as Mannheim's theory of generational responses to political events. The basic assumptions underlying the model are (1) that historical periods are characterized by shocks to existing political opinions, and (2) that individuals of different ages may attach different weights to those political shocks. Political generations emerge endogenously from these basic assumptions: the political views of identifiable birth cohorts differ, and evolve distinctively through time, due to the interaction of age-specific weights with period-specific shocks. We employ this model to examine generational changes in party identification using survey data from the 1952–2008 American National Election Studies.     

Measuring motivation to change in offenders

Abstract

Measuring motivation to change in offender populations is important both for selection into treatment programmes and for assessing progress in therapy. Two studies are reported in this paper, both looking at the psychometric properties of questionnaires designed to measure stage of change in therapy. The samples used were patients detained in special hospitals under the Mental Health Act (1983) classification of psychopathic disorder. The first study provides norms for this group on the stages of change in psychotherapy questionnaire, plus some additional information on its relationship with self-esteem and self-efficacy measures. The second study looked at a brief version of the stages of change questionnaire, concluding that its psychometric properties were such that further use was contra-indicated.     

How do offenders move through the stages of change?

This study sought to investigate the way in which offenders moved through the stages of change. The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Scale (URICA) was administered to a group of general offenders (N = 371) who participated in the Short Motivational Programme (SMP), a brief motivational interviewing programme administered to medium-risk offenders in New Zealand. The offenders' URICA responses were subjected to a cross-lagged panel analysis using structural equation modelling. Four models specifying different prospective associations between stage engagements were examined. It was hypothesised that there would be support for sequential transitions through the stages as proposed by the Stages of Change model. However, the analysis rendered support for and against sequential transitions, in that offenders regressed to earlier stages or skipped a stage post-SMP. Offenders who skipped to an adjacent stage after the SMP may have actually passed through an intermediary stage during the intervention, and those who regressed to an earlier stage post-SMP may have gained a more realistic awareness of their problem behaviour. This finding also raises questions about the practical utility of the model with offenders and highlights the need for more rigorous studies investigating the way offenders move through the stages of change.     

Wage Differentials in Brazil: Theory and Evidence

The investigation of wage determination and wage differentials in developing countries has concentrated on the effects of human capital and different sources of segmentation associated with institutional arrangements and structural characteristics on earnings. In this article, we use micro-data for Brazil for the 1980s and 1990s to test several competitive theories, and models with segmentation explained by efficiency wages. We find that unmeasured abilities and efficiency wage models seem to play a role in wage determination, while compensating differentials and transitory difference theories were found to be irrelevant to wages formation.