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831.
转型期中国行政审批制度变迁的制度环境分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
潘秀珍 《陕西行政学院学报》2010,24(3):5-8
转型期中国行政审批制度变迁也不是简单的行政体系内部制度变革,而是在一定的外部制度环境的约束和要求下进行的,并且对其身处的制度环境起反作用。转型期中国行政审批制度变迁处于特定的经济、政治和法律、社会环境之中,这些环境因素构成转型期中国行政审批制度变迁的外在约束条件。由计划经济体制向市场经济体制转型、经济全球化的国际大背景及我国加入WTO的现实情势、信息技术的发展和普及、政治和法律环境的变化、社会主义意识形态的发展等方面制度环境的变化,构成了转型期我国行政审批制度变迁的外部动力。 相似文献
832.
艾明 《甘肃政法学院学报》2007,(1):140-145
通过对中外秘密侦查发展史的梳理,可以发现,传统的秘密侦查由于缺乏制度属性,成为专制权力进行恐怖统治的重要工具。在现代,由于秘密侦查具有了制度属性,成为打击犯罪的有力工具。此外,秘密侦查史表明,秘密侦查的功能定位和价值取向受制于刑事司法整体系统的功能定位和价值取向。 相似文献
833.
我国开放型经济高质量发展已经具备了经济效率动能、结构转换动能、创新动能、制度动能和数字化新动能。通过深化体制机制改革和主动推进新一轮国际经贸规则体系构建,将自由贸易试验区、自由贸易港、进出口贸易展会等打造成为新时代改革开放重要的前沿阵地和新高地,推进国家标准国际化,完善创新驱动发展模式匹配的体制机制和营商环境等,以全面的制度型开放大力推动我国开放型经济高质量发展向纵深推进。 相似文献
834.
Peter Aagaard 《Regulation & Governance》2011,5(4):465-479
This article explains how microcredit as a policy idea has been institutionalized at the transnational level, and what role strategic actors play in the institutional change and governance of microcredit. Special attention is given to three dominant actors, the Grameen Bank, the World Bank, and SKS Microfinance. To explain the emergence of microcredit as a transnational policy idea this article explores the relations between theories of institutional change and Rosenau's concept of spheres of authority. 相似文献
835.
Are the rather generous welfare regimes found in most European countries sustainable; that is, are they competitive in a globalizing economy? Or will they, on the contrary, be crowded out by the more austere and less expensive regimes generally found in liberal Anglo‐Saxon countries? We first discuss this issue conceptually, focusing on the notions of institutional competitiveness, social investment, and short‐term and long‐term productivity. We then briefly present the results of an empirical study of 50 social indicators of policies and outcomes in 20 Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries during the early 2000s. We conclude that welfare regimes have not been forced to converge through a “race to the bottom.” There remain three distinct ways to face the “trilemma” of job growth, income inequality, and fiscal restraint: Nordic countries achieve high labor market participation through high social investment; Anglo‐Saxon countries attain the same objective through minimal public intervention; while Continental European countries experience fiscal pressures because their social protection schemes are not promoting participation to the same extent. 相似文献
836.
Kathleen Thelen 《Regulation & Governance》2007,1(3):247-260
The German vocational training system has played a central role in sustaining the competitive strength of German manufacturing. This article provides an analysis of contemporary developments in this system to assess its likely future trajectory. I begin by underscoring the differences and similarities of the German system to alternative arrangements that have emerged in other countries. I then turn to recent trends in Germany that have caused concern among policy‐makers about the continued strength and viability of the vocational training system. I discuss reforms undertaken in the past few years that point to incremental, though possibly transformative, changes in the system designed to reduce costs and increase flexibility through renegotiations on two fronts: between general training standards and firm needs and training practices, and between the in‐plant and school‐based components of training. 相似文献
837.
Despite high taxes, a large welfare state, and much economic regulation, Denmark competes successfully against other advanced capitalist economies. Denmark’s success is based in large part on its institutional competitiveness – its capacity to achieve socioeconomic success as a result of the competitive advantages that firms derive from operating within a particular set of institutions. The institutional basis for successfully coordinating labor markets and vocational training programs are examined for Denmark and the US – two countries that were very different institutionally but very successful in the 1990s and in the 2000s. We show that there is no one best way to achieve success in today’s global economy, except with respect to social inequality; that the mechanisms underlying institutional competitiveness are more complex than often recognized; that institutional hybrids can be as successful as purer political economic cases; and that high taxes and state spending can enhance socioeconomic performance. As such, this paper challenges both neoliberalism and the varieties of capitalism school of comparative political economy. 相似文献
838.
Most of the 60+ developing countries that have established social funds (SFs) are decentralising their governments as well. But the question of how to tailor SFs—originally a highly centralised model—for a decentralising context has received relatively little attention in the literature. We first examine evidence on the ability of SFs to adapt to a decentralised context. We then lay out the implications of decentralisation for SF institutional design step‐by‐step through the project cycle. The topic is doubly important because social funds can increase their effectiveness, and the sustainability of their investments, by reorganising internal processes to take advantage of the political and civic institutions that decentralisation creates. Local government has an informational advantage in local needs and characteristics (time and place), whereas SFs have access to better technology and knowledge of sectoral best practice. The key is to create institutional incentives that best combine these relative advantages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
839.
Outcomes of armed conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq indicate that the U.S. has been unprepared to fully address problems related to establishing social and economic stability, security and governance in the aftermath of war. This is unfortunate, given that U.S. policy makers' nation‐building efforts to achieve stability, security and good governance in these nations do not reflect what they should already have learnt about organisational and institutional development from past experiences providing significant development assistance to highly unstable nations. Based on the analysis rendered in this article, ‘smart practice’ development administration in such nations comprises the following key points that link nation building to institutional/organisational development:
- Nation building (creating new national sovereignty) is different from, and harder than, building government capacity (creating or strengthening institutions and organisations).
- Given that building government capacity typically requires years of patient assistance and financing, it is better to build on existing indigenous institutions like the civil service and military.
- The time and expense of development assistance to high security risk nations means that it is advisable to establish a multi‐lateral development assistance plan and a multi‐national, multi‐institutional framework for financing development to pay for all that is necessary over a long period of time (i.e. 20–50 years).
- Policy makers should emphasise social stability and stable economic growth under self‐governance to prevent actual or perceived economic exploitation.
- Policy makers' diplomatic efforts should secure accommodation of various stakeholders sufficient to permit compromise leading to formation of an independent government.
- Where occupation appears necessary to achieve security and stability, policy makers should allocate enough troops and money to do the job, and accurately assess and report all costs of military occupation and nation building.
- Once occupation has occurred, policy makers should not withdraw military support in a way that would increase the likelihood of civil war.
- Premature withdrawal of security, economic and political support prior to the point where high security risk nations are capable of governing themselves will cause a power vacuum, and may result in fragmented regional leadership by warlords. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
840.
Tasha P. Smith B.S. G. Andrew Smith M.S. Jeffrey B. Snipes J.D. Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2016,61(4):939-946
The foundation of firearm and tool mark identification is that no two tools should produce the same microscopic marks on two separate objects that they would be inaccurately or wrongly identified. Studies addressing the validity of identification infrequently employ tests that mirror realistic casework scenarios. This study attempted to do so using a double‐blind process, reducing test‐taking bias. Test kits including bullets and cartridge cases but not the associated firearms were completed by 31 analysts from 22 agencies. Analysis of the results demonstrated an overall error rate of 0.303%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 86.8%. Variability in performance across examiners is addressed, and the effect of examiners’ years of experience on identification accuracy is explored. Finally, the article discusses the importance of studies using realistic case work scenarios when validating the field's performance and in providing courts with usable indicators of the accuracy of firearm and tool mark identification. 相似文献