论宪法上的财产权——根据人在社会中的自治地位所作的解说

在宪法上 ,财产权是社会中自主、自决、自治的人追求幸福的条件 ,而不是法律上一切人格体瓜分经济价值的形式。它与经济学的产权概念有巨大差异 ;同时 ,也不是复制民法的财产权概念。宪法列举财产权 ,旨在排除公权力的侵犯。公权力侵犯财产权的本质在于限制甚至排斥社会中自我决定和自我实现的独立人格 ,其形式包括扭曲该项权利的主客体结构、恣意予以剥夺和不适当地予以限制 ,其最严重的不利效果是公共财产过度扩张。宪法保护财产权最关键的环节不是公私财产“一体保护” (平等保护 ) ,而是防止公共财产过度扩张。只要公共财产过度扩张 ,即使实行“一体保护” ,人们也不能享有适当的自治地位。 2 0 0 4年 3月通过的宪法修正案加强了对财产权的保护 ,突出了它作为人权的特征。科学实施 2 0 0 4年修正案的规定 ,需要从人在社会中的自治地位出发 ,结合现行宪法的发展历程 ,适当解决条文没有直接回答的若干重大问题     

基于指示交付的动产所有权移转——兼评《中华人民共和国物权法》第26条

我国物权法第26条规定了指示交付的方式,通过转让基于占有媒介关系的原物返还请求权,使出让人无须占有媒介人的同意和协助,就能移转动产的所有权,更无须将第三人的占有限于"依法"占有。出让人是否通知占有媒介人,并非动产所有权移转的要件,而只是设立动产质权的前提,并在债法领域发挥保护债务人的作用。为使无占有的出让人也能同其他占有人一样移转其动产所有权,以满足合理的交易需求,建议借鉴德国通说,允许当事人仅根据其合意来移转所有权,该种情形超出了物权法第26条的文义范围。我国法院不少判决以转让提单、仓单等交付证券作为适用物权法第26条的情形,有误解之嫌。当事人以该类证券的交付替代证券项下货物的交付,仍然是适用物权法第23条的现实交付。此类交易方式虽法无明文,但应根据商事交易习惯予以认可,以便证券项下的货物便捷流通。     

从国际法角度看我国物权法草案中的征收补偿标准

征收及补偿问题不仅是物权法中的一个重要问题,也是一个国际法问题。我国物权法在规定征收及补偿问题时,须考虑国际社会的通常做法和我国政府对其他国家已做出的承诺。在征收补偿方面存在着国际法规则。投资协定的约束是确定的,而国际习惯法的约束则取决于各国的取舍。我国现行法律实质上未能明确征收补偿标准,而我国对外签署的投资协定则接受了“充分补偿”标准。物权法(草案)中的“合理补偿”标准并不合理。建议物权法在规定征收补偿标准时,以“充分补偿”为原则,以“另依特别规定”为补充。     

The challenges of fractionalized property rights in public‐private hybrid organizations: The good,the bad,and the ugly

Policy designers seeking to harness profit‐driven efficiency for public purposes are increasingly creating organizations with fractionalized property rights that distribute “ownership” among public and private actors. The resulting hybrids are quite diverse, including mixed enterprises, public‐private partnerships, social entrepreneurship organizations, government‐sponsored enterprises, and various other hybrid forms. Marrying public purposes to private sector efficiency and strategic flexibility provides a tempting rationale for mixing public and private owners in hybrid organizations. Because public‐private hybrids involve fractionalized property rights, however, they exhibit tension among owners over both strategy and, more importantly, goals. To understand public‐private hybrids, we assess them in terms of six dimensions of property rights: fragmentation of ownership, clarity of allocation, cost of alienation, security from trespass, credibility of persistence, and autonomy (of both owners and managers). The unclear allocation of fractionalized ownership rights facilitates the appropriation of financial residuals and asset ownership opportunistically. Other weaknesses in the property rights configurations of public‐private hybrids create managerial dissonance or opportunistic behavior that typically leads to a narrowing of goals, but sometimes also to organizational failure.     

Ordinary Singapore: The Decline of Singapore Exceptionalism

For decades Singapore’s ruling elite has sought to legitimate its rule by claiming to be a talented and competent elite that has made Singapore an exception among its neighbours – an exemplar of success and progress in a sea of mediocrity. In this article it is contended that this basis of legitimation has been irreversibly damaged. In essence, it is suggested that the governing People’s Action Party has lost control of the national narrative, and its achievements are increasingly regarded as being “ordinary” by the electorate. The mystique of exceptionalism, which was the basis on which the government was widely presumed to be above the need for close scrutiny and accountability, has collapsed. This collapse has substantially levelled the political playing field, at least in terms of expectations and assumptions. The government can and probably will continue to win elections and rule through its control of the instruments of institutional power, but the genie of scepticism and accountability has been released from its bottle, and it is hard to see how it can be put back in. This fundamentally changes the condition of Singapore politics: the narrative of exceptionalism is dead and the Singapore elite finds itself struggling to cope in a new and critical political environment.     

知识产权损害赔偿中证明妨碍规则的成本收益分析

《商标法》和《专利解释二》规定的证明妨碍规则的构成要件和法律效果模糊不清且没有统一。通过成本收益分析可知，要求权利人尽力举证或初步举证，应解释为是为了判断侵权人掌握的证据是否对证明待证事实具有不可替代性。参考或根据权利人的主张和提供的证据判定赔偿数额，应解释为推定权利人主张的证据内容成立，同时结合权利人提供的其他证据，确定赔偿数额。与《民诉解释》第112条保持一致，可以获得最优的解释结果。     

Spatially and Sequentially Heterogeneous Discounts of Distressed Property Values in Cuyahoga County,Ohio

One of the most persistent public policy debates is over the aftermath of the foreclosure crisis and its continuing impact on housing markets. Distressed properties – including foreclosure and real estate-owned properties – tend to be sold at much lower prices than nearby comparable properties, often pulling down both surrounding property values and neighborhood morale. Recent findings show that these discounts for distressed properties are associated with various factors, but three important dimensions of these discounts remain relatively unexplored. First among these is the degree of variation in these discounts, even within the same regional market. Second is how discounts vary through the typical sequence of the distressed property transaction cycle. The final factor is the nature by which discounts vary according to the market participants – are the buyers/sellers individuals or institutions? This study examines these major factors affecting discounts, and estimates the spatially and sequentially heterogeneous discounts for distressed properties in the housing submarkets of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Findings indicate that the discounts of distressed properties in the strong and weak submarkets substantially vary based on all three of these previously overlooked factors, yielding a more complex and nuanced housing context for practitioners and policymakers to consider.     

Social contention,authoritarian resilience,and political change

This article takes stock of recent advances in the field of comparative authoritarianism. The four books reviewed shed light on the effects of social activism, claim-making and social protests on authoritarian resilience. Taken as a whole, they intervene in the scholarly debates that examine the rise of collective, often contentious action under authoritarian rule. In so doing they account both for how states tolerate or even encourage collective action and the extent to which, in turn, protests by distinct social groups re-shape the political system. As authoritarian institutions, democratic-looking or otherwise, have received considerable attention of late, this article calls for greater attention to the economic and ideational dimensions of authoritarianism and, more generally, a broader research agenda.     

论电子商务交易的流转税法律属性问题

如何确定电子商务在线交易数据化产品的流转税法律属性,是目前中外各国财税当局在电子商务税收实践中面临的共同问题,税法理论界也存在着不同的观点。在我国现行流转税体制未进行结构性的改革调整的情况下,在线交易的数据化产品提供,不宜视为增值税意义上的销售货物行为,而应该区别具体情况,分别确定为营业税意义上的提供服务或转让无形财产交易。这样能够在更大程度上体现税收中性原则和实现课税公平,也有利于我国对电子商务课征流转税的制度与未来可能形成的电子商务流转税国际协调规则的接轨。     

劳动价值论研究：回归本原、回归现实

认识劳动价值论必须与认识现实社会结构和社会运行趋势相联系，这是马克思劳动价值论的精髓所在，与马克思所处的时代相比，我国现阶段劳动分工的范围，经济增长方式，生活方式和价值观念都起了很大的变化，因此我们对现阶段劳动与价值的关系的认识也应该变化，在现实条件下，技术劳动，管理劳动，销售劳动，服务劳动等非直接劳动对价值创造的贡献越来越明显，在我国新出现的有产者，绝大多数是通过自己的知识，技术和管理能力在创造着价值。在社会主义的初级阶段，我们应重新认识这些新的有产者，给其应有的尊重和社会地位。