Landfill externalities and property values dilemma – emerging insights from three Ghanaian cities

Though debates about the negative impact landfill exerts on land and property values are by no means historically new, research into the case of developing countries has only recently begun. This article attempts to synthesise existing literature on the subject through the analysis of three case studies to enhance our understanding, especially the contextual conditions surrounding the relationship. Applying this theoretical framework to the disposal practices occurring in three cities in Ghana, this article offers insight into the culpability of landfills in negatively impacting property values. In an illuminating analysis, we argue that most engineered landfills in the country serve as a catalyst in correcting the ills of uncontrolled urbanisation (governance, attitudinal and financial constraints, etc.). We opine that landfills’ relationship with host communities must be understood in relation to our overall underdevelopment, coupled with the increasing economic and technical challenges shaping much of the country’s history.     

Social Classes and the Neo-Liberal Poverty Regime in Turkey, 2002–2011

The Justice and Development Party (or AKP) era in Turkey has witnessed the emergence of a new welfare regime resting on voluntary public and private transfers. This system has been replacing the former welfare system in which the right to social welfare benefits was constitutionally guaranteed. The new welfare system has tended to distribute transfers on a selective and unequal basis. This article analyses the size and effects of this system using a social class-based analytical framework. In explaining class structure in Turkey, we use the official Household Budget Survey database. The results indicate a massive process of proletarianisation has taken place. Our results indicate that the working classes have constituted the majority of the poor. In this environment, the shares of voluntary public and private transfers in the incomes of households have been rising. For some classes, like rural unemployed, urban unemployed and agricultural labourers, these transfers have captured a very high share of the incomes. These transfers have also been distributed very unequally. Their share in the central budget has also been rising. All these point to the emergence of a new neo-liberal welfare (poverty) regime as part of a new labour control regime.     

国际碳交易机制复杂化及中国应对

目前,国际碳交易机制网络群体呈现复杂化态势,碳交易机制复合体、碳交易机制集群与碳交易机制联结相互渗透,同时其内部也进行着良性协同、建设性合作与功能性竞争的有序互动。在无政府状态、利益认知差异以及全球气候治理体系转型等普遍性因素影响下,国际碳交易机制复杂化的成因有着自身的特殊性,是其发展进程中的必然产物。另外,国际碳交易机制间的互动具有双重效应,其协同合作将会带来经济发展与气候保护的双赢结果,而如果互相掣肘则会增加碳交易成本甚至造成负减排。因此,中国在复杂化的国际碳交易机制中推进新型碳外交并实现碳中和目标,既需要充分发挥自身团结国际力量的优势以及国内和国际双循环新发展格局的核心作用,促进碳交易机制间的协同与衔接,又要积极践行《巴黎协定》关于碳交易机制整合的倡议,与各国及相关国际组织共同将碳交易机制整合的规范推广到整个国际社会以及其他议题的全球治理之中。     

The Cuban Experience in East Germany: Academic Migration from 1960 to 2000

The partnership between revolutionary Cuba and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) offered a route for migration that had not been possible before. While academic exchange aimed to construct a socialist society in Cuba and strengthen the Socialist Bloc, as well as serving the economic and political interests of both states, the creation of a transnational academic elite and of intellectual collectives across borders also occurred as a by‐product of the exchange. This article shows how these ‘by‐products’ came into existence, and how academic exchange can be influenced by political, financial and organisational limitations.     

知识产权限制的理论依据辨析——“内在限制”还是“外在限制”抑或其他

权利限制的理论依据,在法理层面上有"内在限制"与"外在限制"两大理论之争;在规范层面上有"规范限制"与"原则限制"两大类别;在学科层面上有"内部限制"与"外部限制"两大来源。基于知识产权强烈的法定性和知识产权法显著的个人与社会"双重本位"特征,"内在限制"应是知识产权限制的理论依据;"规范限制"是知识产权限制的主要方式;"内部限制"是知识产权限制的主要来源,但与理论依据无涉。     

从纳税人权利保护看房产税改革

2011年1月国务院常务会议同意在部分城市进行对个人征收房产税改革试点,1月28日上海、重庆两地政府决定对部分个人征收房产税试点,使房产税改革一时成为热点话题。传统的税收征纳观念强调税收的强制性、无偿性,强调国家与纳税人权利义务的不对等,应以房产税改革为契机,转变税收征纳观念,以平等的税收债务理论统筹立法,在房产税改革的过程中为全社会树立纳税人权力观念。     

历史演进与当代启示:商标与商誉关系新探——以英美普通法实践为考察中心

现代商标制度的建立以商标财产观为核心,商标法的形成实质是商标财产化的一幅镜像。在商标财产化的进程中,商誉与商标的关系一直纵横交错。商誉从一个商业概念成为商标财产本体的认知历经百年,普通法法官在司法实践中不断寻找商誉在商标法上的合适位置。商誉是商标财产本体的论述符合知识产权信息理论。但是,商誉作为一种财产也面临着定义困难、评估复杂以及常常与商标意涵重叠的问题。随着现代营销策略的推广,商标的财产价值离不开商誉,商誉的财产价值却不限于商标。     

Contra‐Associational Strategy in a Hybrid Regime: Ecuador, 2007–2015

Over the last decade, political scientists have identified Ecuador as one of Latin America's hybrid regimes. This article examines how President Rafael Correa combined legal reforms, bureaucratic controls and other policies in a contra‐associational strategy aimed at extending executive control over civil society. While the strategy significantly altered the operational environment for civil society groups, it did not completely strip them of their capacity to oppose the regime. Ecuador's experience underscores the ambiguity at play in hybrids; in pursuit of regime legitimation, regimes must cede some space to opponents while simultaneously sabotaging civil liberties.     

云计算对知识产权保护的若干影响

云计算作为变革性的信息技术,已对知识产权保护和若干知识产权制度产生了重要影响.与本地计算模式相比,云计算一方面可以更有效地防止著作权侵权,另一方面需要依赖于合同、技术措施、商业方法专利等手段提供综合性的补充保护.云计算会对合理使用原则、发行权穷竭原则构成挑战.云计算环境下,用户的商业秘密保护可能因为数据迁移困难而受到妨碍.由于云计算尚处于发展初期,还不能认为知识产权制度需要进行重大修改.     

论限制债务人高消费的法理基础及其制度完善

限制债务人高消费的实质是限制债务人的财产处分权，体现了“债务人所有的财产是全体债权人所有债权的总担保”的民法原则的要求，符合民事执行的权力性、强制性、执行标的所有权权能与所有权的分离性等程序法理，是防止债务人财产不当减少、维护国家法律制度权威性以及养成社会诚信意识的必然要求。为了充分发挥限制高消费制度的应有功能，确保其实践适应性，应当将限制债务人高消费普适化并构建完善的、可操作的监管机制和制裁机制，注意原则性与灵活性相结合，形成完善的限制债务人高消费制度。