中国行政诉讼中的府院互动

近十五年来,府院互动活动在我国行政诉讼实践中的开展,更新了司法权与行政权关系的传统认知,促进了行政审判制度化解纠纷、支持与监督行政等功能的发挥,同时也存在运行规范性欠缺的问题。以审判为中心和实质性化解行政争议观念引领下的个案处理型府院互动,旨在实现纠纷解决的司法目标。合法性底线论和行政过程论观念引领下的法治促进型府院互动,旨在实现政策实施的司法目标。新时代行政诉讼府院互动的继续生长,既反映着人民法院对社会治理政策变迁的回应和优化司法环境的努力,也源于行政任务导向下司法功能适度拓展的需要。行政诉讼中府院互动积极功能的发挥,尚需从完善法解释适用、加强过程公开化和保障救济实效上完成法治建构,把中国特色行政审判制度的优势转化为国家治理效能。     

Local Expenditure Interaction in Italian Municipalities: Do Local Council Partnerships Make a Difference?

This paper investigates interdependence among local councils in Italy in their public spending and distinguishes between possible sources of this interdependence. We find significant positive interaction among neighbouring local councils in regard to both spending at the level of total expenditure and spending on different sub-categories. Attempts to identify the source of this horizontal interaction seem to reject the yardstick competition hypothesis. Addressing the role that local council partnerships may play in internalising fiscal externalities, we suggest that expenditure interaction may be driven by spill-over.     

Some Neglected Aspects of Performance in Field Administration in Bangladesh

Performance of public service personnel does not depend solely upon their qualifications and level of training. Rational organization of activities and division of work with effective work processes are important, and it is necessary to ensure that employees have appropriate qualifications and training for performing the tasks assigned to them. Rules and procedures help facilitate their work and provide flexibility to innovate. Attractive terms and conditions of service, and other intangible rewards such as opportunities for contribution to the mission of the organization, participation in decision-making, and recognition by the employer and the clients of public service are also important. Based on data collected from sub-district level public agencies in Bangladesh, this article argues that performance at the field level is affected by a number of additional organizational, political, and social factors. They include personnel turnover, procedural delays, multiplicity of tasks, decision pattern and behavior, politician-administrator interaction, dual loyalty of officials, inadequate facilities for fulfilling family obligations, and attachment to major urban centers for health and educational services. These elements need to be integrated in the framework for assessing performance of public service personnel in developing countries. It is necessary to look beyond the commonly known causes for dealing with performance problems.     

Does the Prior Application of the Field Kit Bullet Hole Testing Kit 3 on a Suspected Bullet Hole Bias the Analysis of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry?

Forensic ballistics is the study of bullet trajectory and consists of determining gunshot residue (GSR) to identify bullet holes. Among several highly sensitive methods, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) is employed to analyze GSR in the laboratory. However, it is sometimes necessary to identify bullet holes immediately at a crime scene. The purpose of this examination was to determine whether the use of the field test Bullet Hole Testing Kit 3 (BTK3) on a suspected bullet hole would influence the outcome of AAS‐analysis: Three commonly encountered firearms (Glock17, Tokarev, and Colt) were fired at skin, wood, and cloth. AAS‐analysis was performed with and without previous BTK3 application. The results clearly indicate that there is no significant interaction on the grounds of BTK3 use (BTK3 vs. no‐BTK3 [kit_nokit] [Pb: p = 0.1309; Sb: p = 0.9111], material*kit_nokit [Pb: p = 0.5960; Sb: p = 0.9930], distance*kit_nokit [Pb: p = 0.4014; Sb: p = 0.9184], and firearm type*kit_nokit [Pb: p = 0.9662; Sb: p = 0.9885]); hence, applying this field kit does not falsify later AAS outcomes.     

论国际形势对当前国内稳定的影响

冷战终结后,世界力量对比变化与中美复杂互动、全球化加速和经济危机交织、互联网发展及多元文化融合,使"中国特色"、"中国制造"、"中国声音"格外醒目,并在客观上导致我国国内政治、经济、社会各个层面的稳定面临着前所未有的新压力。     

Diplomatic Interactions and Negotiations

This article examines the role of state actors, organization agencies, and individual agents in diplomatic interactions and negotiations. States as diplomatic actors, organizations as diplomatic agencies, and individuals as diplomatic agents enter into complex and interdependent relationships. Proposing a three‐level analysis of interstate interactions and diplomatic negotiations, I argue that no diplomatic negotiation happens without interactions between parties at the state, organizational, and individual levels. The agency–structure paradigm provides a conceptual framework for understanding behavioral and structural properties of international interactions and their influence on diplomatic negotiations. Diplomatic negotiation employs specific forms of interaction, using a distinct language, protocol norms, symbols, ceremonies, and rituals. The state's “self” (as a social conception of its identity, values, and interests) affects the process of diplomatic negotiation. By managing, organizing, and improving international interactions at the actor, agency, and agent levels, negotiating parties can advance the process and effectiveness of diplomatic negotiation.     

走出罪犯改造理论的“围城”——吴宗宪教授“罪犯改造的犯因性差异理论”述评

犯因性差异理论认为,犯罪是犯罪人存在犯因性差异的结果。这种理论指向具体的个体犯罪行为,而非整个社会的犯罪现象。它的基本内容包括犯因性互动观点和犯因性差异观点。犯因性差异理论的理论体系,不仅形成了具有自身特质的理论形态,而且以"犯因性"为核心,形成了这一理论特有的专业术语群,充分体现出了这一理论的自身特色。依据这一理论,将罪犯改造成为"守法公民"中的普通大众是合理目标,根据这个目标定位,在罪犯改造工作中,要努力把罪犯改造成为普通的守法公民。     

正当程序:实现公安执法与媒体监督互动的机制

新闻媒体监督与公安执法是两种不同性质的活动,有着各自的运行机制。而正因为两者之间的这种不协同性,必然导致媒体监督与公安执法过程的不同步性,甚至会造成媒体和民众在事实认定和结果判断上与公安机关的尖锐对立。事实证明,只要在公安机关和新闻媒体部门最基本的价值体系上保持一致、即有最基本的价值观或伦理的底线,在此基础上的价值多样性是有益于社会健康发展的。而能够达到这一价值目标的逻辑起点是充分地应用正当程序,为公安机关和新闻媒体提供一个共同认同的平台,从而更好地促进社会的和谐和公正。     

政府与议会间立法互动关系之评价标准

政府与议会间的立法互动关系问题,不仅是一个立法问题,而且是一个宪政问题.评价政府与议会间立法互动关系的标准有三,即宪政民主的基本价值标准、产生良法的能力的标准和实效标准.其中宪政民主的基本价值主要包括:人权、民主、法治和控权;产生良法的能力的标准要求能产生基于可靠的信息基础性,具有及时性、融贯性、有效性和回应性的良法;实效标准,即实践检验标准,是指一种制度安排是否在现实中有效地运行,并实现其原初设计之功用和目标.     

FDI与入境商务旅游的互动过程与格局分析——以我国东部地区为例

文章选取1996-2016年我国东部11省市外商直接投资(FDI)和入境商务旅游（IBT）的空间面板数据，利用改进的灰色关联模型，在测度二者互动水平的基础上，基于时空视角探讨了二者的互动过程和格局。结果表明：（1）东部FDI与IBT的互动水平较高且出现了极化效应；二者的互动经历了“波浪状”般的演变过程，并具有一定的下降趋势，但二者的互动演变在波动形制和演变趋势上均存在一定的省际差异。（2）全局空间自相关检验表明，二者的互动关系存在空间依赖关系，但这种空间依赖性在减弱。（3）局部空间自相关检验表明，东部FDI与IBT的互动关系存在明显的地域分化现象和空间互动效应，而这种空间互动效应仅在“小区”内显著，在“小区”间不显著。