Mandatory Versus Incentive-Based State Zoning Reform Policiesfor Affordable Housing in the United States:A Comparative Assessment

To break the chain of exclusionary zoning and produce affordable housing, mandatory state zoning reform policies have been in place for a couple decades in the United States. Their success is often constrained by local resistance and noncompliance. Some scholars argue that the lack of incentives to communities for affordable housing production is one of the main reasons for their resistance to state mandates. At present, no incentive-based state zoning reform policy is at work except in Massachusetts. Inclusionary zoning policies do offer incentives to developers but not to communities. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of mandatory state policies and Massachusetts's incentive-based policy and offers policy insights for the future.     

Market segmentation and lender specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of market segmentation and lender/purchaser specialization in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. It describes and assesses the 1990 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, which for the first time provide detailed information on the borrower and neighborhood racial and income characteristics of mortgage loan originations and securitizations in the primary and secondary mortgage markets. Evidence presented in the paper indicates that home purchase loan origination rates for black applicants—and, to a lesser degree, Hispanic applicants—appear to be significantly lower than those of other racial or ethnic groups. Similarly, the HMDA data reveal that home purchase mortgage origination rates in predominantly minority census tracts are significantly lower than those in predominantly white neighborhoods. The HMDA data also indicate a striking reliance of black borrowers on government‐backed forms of mortgage credit.

The paper further reveals that secondary market loan purchase distributions arrayed by borrower and neighborhood characteristics generally reflect those of home mortgage originations. The borrower and locational characteristics of home purchase loans acquired by the Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA) directly reflect that agency's legislated specialization in government‐backed loans, whereas the characteristics of loans acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac for the most part derive from the borrower and geographic composition of conventional home purchase loan originations. Findings of analyses of HMDA data raise concern regarding the access of minority and low‐income households and neighborhoods to mortgage finance. Those results also raise some question as to whether the federally chartered agencies in the secondary market are adequately promoting the availability of mortgage credit to low‐ and moderate‐income and minority households.     

论设立房屋所有权转移登记前置选择性公证实质审查制度

在房屋所有权转移登记中引入自愿公证,采取前置选择性公证实质审查制度,设立选择性的办理房产证＂绿色通道＂,是解决老百姓购房后办理房产证难的有效途径。同时,对减轻国家财政负担和房产登记机关压力,提高房屋交易安全等方面也具有积极作用。     

坚持科学发展 实现住有所居——解决城镇居民住房问题的政府视角

“住有所居”是保障和改善民生的重要目标,也是政府肩负的执政责任。它要求各级政府必须明确相应职责和角色定位,着力保障和改善民生,促进社会公平正义,走出产业定位、征地拆迁、房价调控、市场失效、住房保障、住房消费、环境保护等方面的误区,探寻出一条解决城镇居民住房问题的科学发展之路。     

西北地区住房保障水平测度及其比较研究。

该文使用住房保障水平测算模型,通过估算西北各省经济适用房支出和廉租房支出,对西北五省住房保障水平进行测度。然后把西北各省住房保障水平与其年均GDP结合起来,用以考察各省的住房保障水平与经济发展水平的适应性,分析找出经济实力相对较好、住房保障水平相对较高的省份,这对推动西北各省科学制定住房保障政策及合理安排住房保障财政支出结构有重要作用和意义。     

对贵阳市廉租房社区建设的思考

贵阳市“住有所居”行动计划实施三年来,廉租房建设力度不断加大,在此同时,带来的问题也日益凸显。一方面是廉租房建设制度的完善,如房源、融资渠道、退出机制、补贴形式、建设规模、租赁资格、租金标准等方面的问题;另一方面是廉租房社区的建设问题。目前,政府的关注多放在前者上。通过具体调查,文章提出了贵阳市廉租房社区建设的对策。     

我国公共租赁房可持续发展的法律监管研究——以重庆市为例

近年来,随着对民生问题的关注,住房保障问题也成了我国政治、经济和法律关注的焦点。廉租房和经济适用房的大力建设,城市低收入人群的住房问题在一定程度上有所改观。但是商品房的价格日渐走高,＂夹心层＂的住房保障问题也日益突出,外来务工人员的住房条件也亟须改善。大力发展公共租赁住房的建设,建立健全公共租赁住房制度的法律监管,是我国城市化进程中的必然需求。     

建立中国住房储蓄银行的构想

当今世界,居民的住房问题是各国需要很好解决的头等大事。而凡是成功解决住宅问题的国家,基本上都离不开住房金融体系的支持。作为住房金融体系重要组成部分的住房储蓄银行,对于解决居民住房问题发挥了十分重要的作用。本文在考察和借鉴德国住房储蓄银行成功经验的基础上,对建立中国住房储蓄银行的有关问题进行了探讨。     

城市房屋拆迁的合法性及补偿制度研究

城市房屋拆迁实质上是以国家权力为依托，被拆迁人和政府之间强制缔约的经济行为。由于我国法律规定不完善，城市房屋拆迁的前提即对公共利益的评判标准模糊。实际操作中，房屋拆迁的补偿原则、范围、标准以及补偿程序等一度引起人们的质疑和不满。当务之急是从城市房屋拆迁的现状和法学分析入手，通过对实践中房屋拆迁合法性的质疑，结合在城市房屋拆迁的实践中出现的问题力求对相关法律制度的完善提出立法建议。     

“中间裁决”的概念有待明确——兼与部分裁决、先行裁决、临时裁决比较

在我国“中间裁决”也已经写进了不少仲裁机构的仲裁规则里,“中间裁决”的案件已不陌生,但各个仲裁委的规则的概念是不一样的,我国《仲裁法》没有涉及这个问题,这样导致同样的一份裁决,在这个仲裁机构被称为“中间裁决”,在另一个仲裁机构可能被冠以“部分裁决”或者“先行裁决”等等,并且在实践中还可能使案件陷入两难境地。本文就此问题抛砖引玉,以期仲裁同仁进一步探讨。