The confection of a nation: the social invention and social construction of the Pavlova

Both Australians and New Zealanders claim the Pavlova (a large meringue cake, covered in cream and fruit) as their national dish. The historical record does not settle its birthplace. On the contrary, published recipes reveal the complex process of social invention through the swapping of practical experience across both countries. The illusion of a singular creation can be explained by distinguishing a second, associated level of social construction. This applies to the more ideal processes through which cooks and eaters attached a name, meanings and myths, producing a widely-held concept that was deceptively distinct. The Pavlova evolved along with other social constructs, notably femininity and nationalism, which became ironic in tone. Typically consisting of a set of instructions (“take 1/2 lb sugar”) and an often figurative title (“Pavlova”), recipes are valuable historical sources for mapping the social invention of material items and the social construction of ideas about them.     

当代科学方法论的特质

科技史证明许多伟大的科技成就都取决于方法创新和思维革命。从原子论、整体论、归纳演绎论、分析综合论、直觉论、否证论、一直到各种非理性主义,人类的思维和方法经历了一系列的飞跃与革命。方法创新和思维革命打破了科技活动中那些僵死陈旧的研究传统,推动着科学技术的不断进步与繁荣。今天,人类要想继续推动科学技术突飞猛进,就需要在认识论和方法论上特别关注普遍流行的各种非理性方法和后现代思维。其中,特别需要抬高直觉创造,提升科幻神话,倡扬发散式思维,普及科学虚构和赛博虚构,以提升人的发明创造能力。     

我国职务发明的专利权归属问题探析

在职务发明的专利权归属问题上，我国一贯坚持的“单位优先”原则严重挫伤了发明人的积极性，造成我国职务发明专利申请量低下。借鉴国外知识产权强国的经验，结合我国实际，应该缩小职务发明的范围，扩大合同优先原则的适用范围，同时，为平衡单位与发明人间的利益，可在保护发明人原始权利的基础上建立申报制度。     

基因科技的法律问题研究——“发明”基因?“发现”基因?

发明和发现是专利法理论中的两个概念,一般认为,发明指的是设计和制造前所未有的东西;发现则是揭示出已有的,但人们尚不知道的东西。随着基因科技的发展,人们对是否应授予基因专利争论的沸沸扬扬,其焦点主要在于对基因属于发现还是发明认识不一。通过比较和分析各方观点,我们认为在对待基因是否具有可专利性时,应淡化发明与发现的区别,而专注与实质性审查。     

试论新时代我国知识产权的保护与运用

新时代我国知识产权保护和运用呈现出专利授权总量与申请强度持续增长、商标注册高度活跃、专利实施率较高、知识产权行政保护与司法保护体系不断增强等新特征,但与此同时也面临着专利质量和发明专利实施率有待提高、知识产权交易市场活跃程度不足、新业态和新领域创新成果的知识产权保护滞后等一系列问题。应构建以专利质量为核心的知识产权政策体系,打造新形势下的知识产权海外预警与保护平台,推进新业态和新领域创新成果的知识产权保护,继续强化中小企业知识产权保护与援助工作,系统加强知识产权保护与运用。     

职员发明财产权利归属正义

我国以公权理念为基础,在职员职务发明成果财产权利分配方面存在绝对单一归属的问题,违背了智力财产私权性的法律原则和“投资决定产出”的经济公理,挫伤了发明人的创造积极性,影响了我国科技发展的进程。我国的“厚雇主”倾向、美国的“厚雇员”原则以及法国的"折衷"主义均有失偏颇。应当建立职务发明的类型化,以投资作为归属的基本考量,建立以财产权利共享、开发风险共担为核心的职务发明归属制度。     

对雇员发明专利权归属的再思考

雇员发明专利权的归属问题是专利法中比较重要的问题。我国《专利法》试图通过对专利的发明有实质性贡献的判断来平衡发明人与单位之间的利益,而不是仅凭雇佣关系的外表来判定专利权的归属。这一点是值得肯定的。但是现有立法在更多的时候却背离了专利权归发明人本人所有这一知识产权领域中的古老原则。应在坚持一些基本原则的前提下,借鉴外国的立法例,使这个问题得到更合理的解决。     

存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属——兼评斯坦福诉罗氏侵犯专利权案

斯坦福大学诉罗氏公司侵犯专利权案是围绕存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属问题展开的讨论。本案的发生引发对《拜杜法案》和《专利法》中发明人转让专利的优先性问题的思考。虽然我国的职务发明制度与美国不同,但是本案的发生对我国解决存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属问题提供了借鉴。     

Do We Still Need the Abacus?

正Zhusuan is the name given to the techniques used on a Chinese abacus.It includes performing simple sums such as addition and subtraction,or far more complex operations including exponential multiplication.Zhusuan can be traced back to more than 2,500years ago.It is regarded as the fifth invention in Chinese history and was listed as a national intangible cultural heritage by the Chinese Government in 2008.Zhusuan was also officially listed as a UNESCO intangible cultural     

Tracking Progress

正Beijing provides opportunities for innovative entrepreneurs By Ji JingIn today’s fast-paced world it is easy to lose sight of essential details—a shortcoming one Beijing-based entrepreneur has sought to address with the invention of a novel kind of tracker."The product helps customers find missing objects and reminds them not to forget to take