Forced migrant “compatriots” from Ukraine: Accessing legal residency and citizenship in the Russian Federation

This paper examines the Russian migration and citizenship regime as encountered by forced migrants from Ukraine who fled to Russia during the period of 2014–2016. Based on legal and other official documents, media articles, and interviews, it gives an account of these migrants’ reception in Russia in theory and practice. Russia made great efforts to accommodate them, and in Russian media they were often spoken of as an easily integrated labor resource and as potential citizens. In 2015–2016, around 165,000 Ukrainians acquired Russian citizenship. While ethno-cultural similarity does privilege Ukrainian migrants in Russia, full asylum has been granted sparingly, and citizenship is not unconditionally granted. As this paper shows, Russian authorities have rather tried to control and distribute these forced migrants for the benefit of the state, according to principles of selectivity and economic interests – giving privileged access to permanent residency and citizenship to working-age people willing to settle in regions where population growth and more workers are deemed necessary. However, permanent residency and citizenship are also available to those able to circumvent or pay their way through the obstacles encountered – taking advantage of the flexibility inherent in a system that is not totally consistent.     

Labor Migration and the Philippine Labor Market

Abstract

Based on recorded data, the Philippines has experienced the largest outflow in Asia of both permanent emigrants and migrant labor over the last three to four decades. The number working and living abroad has reached almost 8% of the population and the yearly outflow of workers bound for an increasingly varied destinations and occupations is about 14% of the labor force. The paper discusses the rising scale and changing structure of migrants and explains these by three interacting factors that make for labor market flexibilityan extensive market-based educational system, active employment service industry and migration's own backward and forward linkages. Further discussed are the economic implications of the migration and some rigidity in the education market that tends to pull down returns to migration.     

‘But this is a park’! The paradox of public space in a Buenos Aires ‘no man's land’

Drawing upon qualitative fieldwork, this paper analyzes the occupation of an abandoned park in the south of Buenos Aires by the city's urban poor, delineating the implications of this incident for notions of citizenship in the context of deeply fragmented social rights. While public space has historically been understood as an expression of the universality of rights bearing membership in a political community, I show how this universalism became the object of struggle during a conflict over the park between the local middle class and squatters, many of which were of immigrant origin. The discourses mobilized by various social groups blurred the distinction between citizenship as a set of legal–formal rights versus a project of normative inclusion. While public space is juridically constructed as universal, particularistic claims to these spaces are imbued with increased legitimacy in a context in which social rights – conceived as a set of provisions guaranteed by the state under a regime of liberal citizenship – are unrealizable. By claiming this space for particularistic uses, squatters drew attention to the contradictions embedded in public space's democratic pretensions in a setting in which putatively universal rights are ignored by the state.     

Contested Discourses on National Identity: Representing Nicaraguan Immigration to Costa Rica

This article explores the ways in which the immigration of Nicaraguans to Costa Rica is represented by Costa Rican institutions and individuals through public discourses and everyday life. Three discourses are considered. First, intellectual claims that immigration poses a threat to Costa Rican national identity, whereby intellectuals portray 'Costa Rica in crisis' due to immigration. Second, fictional works seek to represent issues regarding the Nicaraguan community in innovative ways, being open‐ended and including diverse voices. Third, stories written by Nicaraguan children are discussed in view of exploring how hostility towards immigration interpellates them, who face the challenge of negotiating their identities with their peers in everyday life. The article ends by asking for a politics able to defend public institutions and public investment, able to forge networks of solidarity with immigrant communities.     

农村转户移民群社会管理创新的法治命题探析

改革开放以来,我国户籍管理制度由松动到局部试点再到整体改革探索,促推亿万农村转户移民陆续迁入城市,大量低成本劳动力的进入为城市的发展输入了强劲的动力,助益于中国城市现代化的进程提速.但与此同时,新增的城市人口也给社会管理工作带来强烈的冲击与严峻的挑战.如何回应“户改”中新生社会群体的管理需求、切实保障民生、维护社会秩序并化解民意冲突,当为改革中的现实命题,对此,应积极导入现代法治理念、突破传统管理模式并构设民意疏通路径,通过实质公平指引下的利益配给、多元兼治与城乡联治结合以及决策民主基础上的矛盾化解机制,来实现和谐社会的可持续发展.     

艾灸三阴交和关元对女性海洛因依赖者月经不调及性激素水平的调整作用

［摘要］目的 观察艾灸三阴交、关元对女性海洛因依赖者月经不调和性激素水平的调整作用,并比较艾灸与艾油的临床疗效。方法 选择安徽省戒毒康复中心收治符合纳入标准的海洛因依赖者月经紊乱患者90例,随机分为艾灸组、艾油组和对照组,各30例。艾灸组用艾条灸双侧三阴交和关元穴,每穴每次15 min,隔日1次,1个月为1个疗程,连续3个疗程;艾油组用艾油涂抹双侧三阴交和关元穴,疗程同艾灸组;对照组不予任何干预。观察3组治疗前后中医症状积分变化和月经不调的临床疗效,并于治疗前后采用化学发光法检测3组患者血清雌二醇(estradiol, E2)、卵泡刺激素(follicle stimulating hormone, FSH)、促黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)、催乳素（prolactin, PRL）、孕酮（progesterone, P）水平。结果 艾灸组治疗后,患者中医症状积分较治疗前明显降低(P<0.01),亦明显低于艾油组(P<0.05)及对照组(P<0.01);艾油组与对照组治疗前后中医症状积分变化不明显(P>0.05);艾灸组月经不调的临床疗效总有效率达80.00%,高于对照组（16.67%）和艾油组（30.00%）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。治疗后,艾灸组血清E2含量显著升高(P＜0.01),FSH和LH含量显著降低(P＜0.05),与艾油组和对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05,或P<0.01）;3组PRL和P水平治疗前后以及治疗后组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05)。结论 艾灸三阴交、关元对海洛因依赖患者月经不调及性激素紊乱具有较好的调整作用。     

Participation beyond citizenship: migrants' associations in Italy and Spain

Danese analyses the reasons for the weakness of migrants' associations in Italy and Spain in comparison to the importance and power of other organizations operating in the field of immigration, such as trade unions, church-based or secular bodies. A method inspired by the basic concept of political opportunity structure, taking into account the contextual factors that shape collective organization, is proposed as the best one for looking at the specific situation in the new immigration countries of Southern Europe. Danese argues that the engagement of a complex field of actors in the representation of migrants' interests in Italy and Spain should not be considered occasional or temporary but historically rooted and a contributing factor to the development of a kind of separation-inclusion of migrants.     

Transnational citizenship: German-Turks and liberalizing citizenship regimes

This article studies the multiple connections between contemporary structures of German and Turkish citizenship, and German-Turkish migrants' own practices of citizenship transcending national borders. Hence, the citizenship structures of the two countries and the ways in which they shape and are shaped by the migrants' civic activism shall be exposed in a dialogical way. It will be argued that German-Turks constitute a transnational space, making it imperative that the existing institutions of citizenship in both countries respond to their globalized and transnationalized experiences. Addressing the literature on transnational space, citizenship studies, diaspora studies and cultural studies, and referring to a survey conducted among German-Turks, this work will briefly refer to the production of transnational space by immigrants of Turkish origin and their descendants in Germany and the use they make of the means of globalization, which provide them with a set of diversified habitats of meaning away from their country of origin. Subsequently, it will claim that the traditional framework of national citizenship has been superseded as transmigrants have become mobile between their countries of origin and of settlement in a way that may require dual citizenship as well as dual loyalty, allegiance and orientation.     

Educational infrastructure created in conditions of social exclusion: ‘Kyrgyz clubs’ for migrant children in Moscow

ABSTRACT

This article demonstrates how social exclusion affects the strategies that migrants and their children experience vis-à-vis the preschool education system of the host society. We use the example of two private institutions established in Moscow by Kyrgyz migrants to explore their role in helping integrate migrant children into the host society. I examine the role the Kyrgyz community plays in the life of labour migrants in Moscow, and why private migrant infrastructure is created today by people from this particular country, though eventually migrants from other countries use it as well. I find that in recent years migrants have been creating private infrastructure in Russia as an alternative to the public one. It replaces state institutions for migrants that are not accessible to them. Migrants also view it as one of the channels for entering the Russian society and state institutions. These centres do not so much help migrants’ children escape social isolation as compensate for the lack of adjustment programmes in Russian schools.